chapter 8 population change
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Chapter 8 Population Change. Overview of Chapter 8. Principles of Population Ecology Reproductive Strategies The Human Population Demographics of Countries Demographics of United States. Principles of Population Ecology. Population Ecology - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 8Chapter 8Population ChangePopulation Change
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Overview of Chapter 8Overview of Chapter 8
o Principles of Population EcologyPrinciples of Population Ecologyo Reproductive StrategiesReproductive Strategieso The Human PopulationThe Human Populationo Demographics of CountriesDemographics of Countrieso Demographics of United StatesDemographics of United States
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Principles of Population EcologyPrinciples of Population Ecology
Population EcologyPopulation Ecology• Study of populations and why their numbers Study of populations and why their numbers
change over time. For example, what is the change over time. For example, what is the pattern of reproduction, and what is the pattern pattern of reproduction, and what is the pattern of mortalityof mortality
• Important forImportant for• Endangered speciesEndangered species• Invasive speciesInvasive species
PopulationPopulation• Group of individuals of same species living in Group of individuals of same species living in
the same geographic area at the same timethe same geographic area at the same time
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Population DensityPopulation Density
Population densityPopulation density• The number of individuals of a species per The number of individuals of a species per
unit area or volume at a given timeunit area or volume at a given time• Ex: minnows per Liter of pond waterEx: minnows per Liter of pond water
Ovals below have same population, and Ovals below have same population, and different densitiesdifferent densities
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Change in Population SizeChange in Population Size
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Change in Population SizeChange in Population Size
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Calculating Population ChangeCalculating Population Change
Birth (b), Death (d), Immigration (i) and Birth (b), Death (d), Immigration (i) and Emigration (e) are calculated per 1000 peopleEmigration (e) are calculated per 1000 people
GrowthGrowth raterate
Birth Birth raterate
Death Death raterate
Immigration Immigration raterate
Emigration Emigration raterate
r = (b – d)r = (b – d) + (i – e) + (i – e)
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Maximum Population GrowthMaximum Population Growth
Intrinsic Rate of Growth (Biotic Potential)Intrinsic Rate of Growth (Biotic Potential)• Growth rate under ideal conditionsGrowth rate under ideal conditions• J- Shaped Curve (exponential growth)J- Shaped Curve (exponential growth)
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Environmental ResistanceEnvironmental Resistance
Environmental limits (resistance)Environmental limits (resistance)• Prevent indefinite reproductionPrevent indefinite reproduction• Unfavorable food, water, shelter, predation, Unfavorable food, water, shelter, predation,
etc.etc.
Carrying Capacity (K)Carrying Capacity (K)• Maximum # of individuals an environment Maximum # of individuals an environment
can supportcan support• Causes leveling off of exponential growthCauses leveling off of exponential growth• S- shaped curve (logistic population growth)S- shaped curve (logistic population growth)
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Population CrashPopulation Crash
Overshooting carrying capacity can lead to Overshooting carrying capacity can lead to population crashpopulation crash• Abrupt decline in population densityAbrupt decline in population density
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Factors That Affect Population SizeFactors That Affect Population Size
Density Dependent Factor:Density Dependent Factor:• Factor whose effect on population changes Factor whose effect on population changes
as population density changesas population density changes• Examples:Examples:
• PredationPredation• DiseaseDisease• CompetitionCompetition
• Sometimes cause Boom-or-Bust Population Sometimes cause Boom-or-Bust Population CyclesCycles
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Boom-Or-Bust Population CyclesBoom-Or-Bust Population Cycles
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Case Study- Predator Prey Dynamics Case Study- Predator Prey Dynamics on Isle Royaleon Isle Royale
As wolf population increases, moose As wolf population increases, moose population decreases (and vice versa)population decreases (and vice versa)
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Factors That Affect Population SizeFactors That Affect Population Size
Density Independent FactorsDensity Independent Factors• Factors that affects population size, but is Factors that affects population size, but is
not influenced by changes in population not influenced by changes in population densitydensity
• Examples:Examples:• Killing frostKilling frost• Severe blizzardSevere blizzard• FireFire• HurricanesHurricanes• Geologic events, etc.Geologic events, etc.
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Reproductive StrategiesReproductive StrategiesLife History StrategiesLife History Strategies
r-selected k-selectedvs.
high growth rate slow growth rate
small body size large body size
early maturity late maturity
short life span long life span
large broods small broods
little / no parental care high parental care
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Reproductive StrategiesReproductive Strategies
r-selected speciesr-selected species k-selected speciesk-selected species
Mosquitoes Mosquitoes
DandelionsDandelions
-Redwood trees Redwood trees -Human beingsHuman beings
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SurvivorshipSurvivorship
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Some populations fit two curvesSome populations fit two curves
Herring GullsHerring Gulls
Type III & Type III & Type IIType II
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Human PopulationHuman Population
DemographyDemography• Science of Science of
population population structure and structure and growthgrowth
Human Population Human Population since 1980 is J-since 1980 is J-shaped curveshaped curve
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Human PopulationHuman Population1 Billion1 Billion 18001800
2 Billion2 Billion 19301930
3 Billion3 Billion 19601960
4 Billion4 Billion 19751975
5 Billion5 Billion 19871987
6 Billion6 Billion 19991999
6.6 Billion6.6 Billion 20062006
7.0 Billion 7.0 Billion 20112011
Population clock
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Population Increase in MexicoPopulation Increase in Mexico
What can you tell me about this graph?
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Projecting Future Projecting Future PopulationsPopulations
Population is increasingPopulation is increasing
Growth rate (r) has Growth rate (r) has started to declinestarted to decline
Projections for 2050Projections for 2050• Low = 7.7 billionLow = 7.7 billion• High = 10.6 billionHigh = 10.6 billion• Most likely = 9.1 billionMost likely = 9.1 billion
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Demographics of CountriesDemographics of Countries
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Demographics of CountriesDemographics of Countries
Country
2004 population
(in Millions)
2010 population
(in Millions)
Population Density
(2004 per mi2)
Population Density
(2010 per mi2)
China 1300 1341 352 360
India 1087 1192 856 940
United States 293.6 310 79 83
Indonesia 218.7 238 297 313
Brazil 179.1 191 54 60
Pakistan 159.2 171 518 552
Nigeria 137.3 158 385 433
Bangladesh 141.3 150 2542 2919
Russia 144.1 142 22 21
Japan 127.6 127.4 875 873
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Demographics of CountriesDemographics of Countries
Developed vs. Developing Countries Demographics
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Demographics of CountriesDemographics of Countries
Developed vs. Developing Countries Demographics
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Demographic StagesDemographic Stages
Pre-industrial StagePre-industrial Stage• Birth and death rates highBirth and death rates high• Modest population growthModest population growth
Transitional StageTransitional Stage• Lowered death rateLowered death rate• Rapid population growthRapid population growth
Industrial StageIndustrial Stage• Birth rate declineBirth rate decline• Population growth slowPopulation growth slow
Post Industrial StagePost Industrial Stage• Low birth and death ratesLow birth and death rates• Population growth very slowPopulation growth very slow
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Demographic StagesDemographic Stages
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Age StructureAge Structure
o The number and proportion of people at The number and proportion of people at each age in a populationeach age in a population
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Demographics of Specific CountriesDemographics of Specific Countries
Examples:Examples:
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Demographics of Specific CountriesDemographics of Specific Countries
Examples:Examples:
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Demographics of Specific CountriesDemographics of Specific Countries
Examples:Examples:
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World-wide World-wide
29% of human 29% of human population is population is under age 15under age 15
Could cause large Could cause large increase in birth increase in birth ratesrates
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Demographics of the USDemographics of the US
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Education of Immigrants into USEducation of Immigrants into US