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Chapter 8 Eating and Sleep Disorders

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Chapter 8 Eating and Sleep Disorders. Eating Disorders: An Overview. Two Major Types of DSM-IV-TR Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa Severe disruptions in eating behavior Extreme fear and apprehension about gaining weight Strong sociocultural origins – Westernized views. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Chapter 8 Eating and Sleep Disorders

Page 2: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Eating Disorders: An Overview

• Two Major Types of DSM-IV-TR Eating Disorders

– Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

– Severe disruptions in eating behavior

– Extreme fear and apprehension about gaining weight

– Strong sociocultural origins – Westernized views

Page 3: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Eating Disorders: An Overview (continued)

• Other Subtypes of DSM-IV-TR Eating Disorders

– Binge eating disorder – Buffet diet!

• Obesity – A Growing Epidemic – not yet a disorder but the side effects are diagnosed. Can be on Axis III

Page 4: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Bulimia Nervosa: Overview and Defining Features

• Binge Eating – Hallmark of Bulimia

– Binge

• Eating excess amounts of food

– Eating is perceived as uncontrollable

Page 5: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Bulimia Nervosa: Overview and Defining Features (continued)

• Compensatory Behaviors

– Purging

• Self-induced vomiting, diuretics, laxatives

– Some exercise excessively, whereas others fast

Page 6: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Bulimia Nervosa: Overview and Defining Features (continued)

• DSM-IV-TR Subtypes of Bulimia

– Purging subtype – Most common subtype

– Nonpurging subtype – About one-third of bulimics

Page 7: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Bulimia Nervosa: Associated Features

• Associated Medical Features

– Most are within 10% of target body weight

– Purging methods can result in severe medical problems

• Erosion of dental enamel, electrolyte imbalance

• Kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, intestinal problems, permanent colon damage

Page 8: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Bulimia Nervosa: Associated Features (continued)

• Associated Psychological Features

– Most are over concerned with body shape

– Fear of gaining weight

– Most have comorbid psychological disorders

Page 9: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa: Overview and Defining Features

• Successful Weight Loss – Hallmark of Anorexia

– Defined as 15% below expected weight

– Intense fear of obesity and losing control over eating

– Anorexics show a relentless pursuit of thinness

– Often begins with dieting

Page 10: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa: Overview and Defining Features (continued)

• DSM-IV-TR Subtypes of Anorexia

– Restricting subtype – Limit caloric intake via diet and fasting

– Binge-eating-purging subtype – About 50% of anorexics

Page 11: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa: Overview and Defining Features (continued)

• Associated Features

– Most show marked disturbance in body image

– Most are comorbid for other psychological disorders

– Methods of weight loss have life threatening consequences

Page 12: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Binge-Eating Disorder: Overview and Defining Features

• Binge-Eating Disorder – Appendix of DSM-IV-TR

– Experimental diagnostic category

– Engage in food binges without compensatory behaviors

Page 13: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Binge-Eating Disorder: Overview and Defining Features (continued)

• Associated Features

– Many persons with binge-eating disorder are obese

– Concerns about shape and weight

– Often older than bulimics and anorexics

– More psychopathology vs. non-binging obese people

Page 14: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Bulimia and Anorexia: Facts and Statistics

• Bulimia

– Majority are female

– Onset around 16 to 19 years of age

– Lifetime prevalence is about 1.1% for females, 0.1% for males

– 6-8% of college women suffer from bulimia

– Tends to be chronic if left untreated

Page 15: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Bulimia and Anorexia: Facts and Statistics (continued)

• Anorexia

– Majority are female and white

– From middle-to-upper middle class families

– Usually develops around age 13 or early adolescence

– More chronic and resistant to treatment than bulimia

• Both Bulimia and Anorexia Are Found in Westernized Cultures

Page 16: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Causes of Bulimia and Anorexia: Toward an Integrative Model

• Media and Cultural Considerations

– Being thin = Success, happiness....really?

– Cultural imperative for thinness

• Translates into dieting

• Gossip News and People magazine; Playboy model appearance

Page 17: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Causes of Bulimia and Anorexia: Toward an Integrative Model (continued)

– Standards of ideal body size

• Change as much as fashion: What is a size 00?

– Media standards of the ideal

• Are difficult to achieve

• Biological Considerations

– Can lead to neurobiological abnormalities

Page 18: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Causes of Bulimia and Anorexia: Toward an Integrative Model

• Psychological and Behavioral Considerations

– Low sense of personal control and self-confidence

– Perfectionistic attitudes

– Distorted body image

– Preoccupation with food

– Mood intolerance

• An Integrative Model

Page 19: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Fig. 8.4, p. 315

Page 20: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Medical and Psychological Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa

• Medical and Drug Treatments

– Antidepressants

• Can help reduce binging and purging behavior

• Are not efficacious in the long-term

Page 21: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Medical and Psychological Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa (continued)

• Psychosocial Treatments

– Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)

• Is the treatment of choice

• Basic components of CBT

– Interpersonal psychotherapy

• Results in long-term gains similar to CBT

Page 22: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Goals of Psychological Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa

• General Goals and Strategies

– Weight restoration

• First and easiest goal to achieve

– Psycho-education

Page 23: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Goals of Psychological Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa (continued)

– Behavioral, and cognitive interventions

• Target food, weight, body image, thought and emotion

– Treatment often involves the family

– Long-term prognosis for anorexia is poorer than for bulimia

Page 24: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Medical and Psychological Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder

• Medical Treatment

– Sibutramine (Meridia)

• Psychological Treatment

– CBT

• Similar to that used for bulimia

• Appears efficacious

Page 25: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Medical and Psychological Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder (continued)

– Interpersonal psychotherapy

• Equally as effective as CBT

– Self-help techniques

• Also appear effective

Page 26: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

p. 342

Page 27: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Obesity: Background and Overview

• Not a formal DSM disorder

• Statistics

– In 2000, 20% of adults in the United States were obese

– Mortality rates

• Are close to those associated with smoking

Page 28: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Obesity: Background and Overview (continued)

– Increasing more rapidly

• For teens and young children

– Obesity

• Is growing rapidly in developing nations

Page 29: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Obesity and Disordered Eating Patterns

• Obesity and Night Eating Syndrome

– Occurs in 7-15% of treatment seekers

– Occurs in 27% of individuals seeking bariatric surgery

– Patients are wide awake and do not binge eat

Page 30: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Obesity and Disordered Eating Patterns (continued)

• Causes

– Obesity is related to technological advancement

– Genetics account for about 30% of obesity cases

– Biological and psychosocial factors contribute as well

Page 31: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Obesity Treatment

• Treatment

– Moderate success with adults

– Greater success with children and adolescents

• Treatment Progression -- From least-to-most intrusive options

Page 32: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Obesity Treatment (continued)

• First step

– Self-directed weight loss programs

• Second step

– Commercial self-help programs

• Third step

– Behavior modification programs

• Last step

– Bariatric surgery

Page 33: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

p. 342

Page 34: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Binge Eating Disorder-DSM-5

A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following:1. eating, in a discrete period of time (for example, within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances2. a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (for example, a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating)

B. The binge-eating episodes are associated with three (or more) of the following:1. eating much more rapidly than normal2. eating until feeling uncomfortably full3. eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry4. eating alone because of feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating5. feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty afterwards

C. Marked distress regarding binge eating is present.

D. The binge eating occurs, on average, at least once a week for three months.

E. The binge eating is not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (for example, purging) and does not occur exclusively during the course Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, or Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder.

Page 35: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa- DSM-5

A. Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health. Significantly low weight is defined as a weight that is less than minimally normal, or, for children and adolescents, less than that minimally expected. (*Rewording of DSM-IV criterion to focus on behavior, not refusal to maintain body weight)

B. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight. (*Addition of behavioral clause, as many deny fear)

C.  Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight.

(*Criterion D – Amenorrhea – deleted; many exhibit some menstrual activity, does not apply to pre-menarchal females, post-menarchal females, those taking modern oral contraceptives, and males)

Specify current type: (*Due to cross-over complication in current episode sub-typing in the DSM-IV, current types are now specified “during the last three months”)

Restricting Type: during the last three months, the person has not engaged in recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas)

Binge-Eating/Purging Type: during the last three months, the person has engaged in  recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas)

Page 36: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Bulimia Nervosa-DSM-5

A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following:1. Eating, in a discrete period of time (for example, within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time and under similar circumstances.2. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (for example, a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating).

B. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications, fasting; or excessive exercise.

C. The binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least once a week for 3 months. (*change from twice/week for past two months)

D. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of

anorexia nervosa.

(*Removal of purging/non-purging subtype)

Page 37: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Feeding or Eating Conditions Not Elsewhere Classified – DSM-5

• Originally termed Eating Disorder NOS

• Atypical Anorexia Nervosa - All criteria for AN are met, except that, despite significant weight loss, the individual’s weight is within or above the normal range.

• Subthreshold Bulimia Nervosa (low frequency or limited duration) - All criteria for BN are met, except that the binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors occur, on average, less than once a week and/or for less than for 3 months.

• Subthreshold Binge Eating Disorder (low frequency or limited duration) -All criteria for BED are met, except that the binge eating occurs, on average, less than once a week and/or for less than for 3 months.

• Purging Disorder - Recurrent purging behavior to influence weight or shape (self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications), in the absence of binge eating. Self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape or weight or there is an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.

• Night Eating Syndrome - Recurrent episodes of night eating, as manifested by eating after awakening from sleep or excessive food consumption after the evening meal. There is awareness and recall of the eating. The night eating is not better accounted for by external influences such as changes in the individual’s sleep/wake cycle or by local social norms. The night eating is associated with significant distress and/or impairment in functioning. The disordered pattern of eating is not better accounted for by Binge Eating Disorder, another psychiatric disorder, substance abuse or dependence, a general medical disorder, or an effect of medication.

• Other Feeding or Eating Condition Not Elsewhere Classified - Residual category for clinically significant problems meeting the definition of a Feeding or Eating Disorder but not satisfying the criteria for any other Disorder or Condition.

Page 38: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Sleep Disorders: An Overview

• Two Major Types of DSM-IV-TR Sleep Disorders

– Dyssomnias

• Difficulties in amount, quality, or timing of sleep

– Parasomnias

• Abnormal behavioral and physiological events during sleep

Page 39: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Sleep Disorders: An Overview (continued)

• Assessment of Disordered Sleep: Polysomnographic (PSG) Evaluation

– Electroencephalograph (EEG) – Brain wave activity

– Electrooculograph (EOG) – Eye movements

– Electromyography (EMG) – Muscle movements

– Detailed history, assessment of sleep hygiene and sleep efficiency

Page 40: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Dyssomnias: Overview and Defining Features of Insomnia

• Insomnia and Primary Insomnia

– One of the most common sleep disorders

– Problems initiating, maintaining, and/or non-restorative sleep

– Primary insomnia – Unrelated to any other condition (rare!)

– Mental health disorders can underlie sleep problems (e. g. depression, anxiety)

Page 41: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Dyssomnias: Overview and Defining Features of Insomnia (continued)

• Facts and Statistics

– Often associated with medical and/or psychological conditions

– Affects females twice as often as males

• Associated Features

– Unrealistic expectations about sleep

– Believe lack of sleep will be more disruptive than it usually is

Page 42: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Dyssomnias: Overview and Defining Features of Hypersomnia

• Hypersomnia and Primary Hypersomnia

– Sleeping too much or excessive sleep

– Experience excessive sleepiness as a problem

– Primary hypersomnia – Unrelated to any other condition (rare!)

Page 43: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Dyssomnias: Overview and Defining Features of Hypersomnia (continued)

• Facts and Statistics

– About 39% have a family history of hypersomnia

– Often associated with medical and/or psychological conditions

• Associated Features

– Complain of sleepiness throughout the day

– Able to sleep through the night

Page 44: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Dyssomnias: Overview and Defining Features of Narcolepsy

• Narcolepsy -- Daytime sleepiness and cataplexy

– Cataplexic attacks

• REM sleep, precipitated by strong emotion

Page 45: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Dyssomnias: Overview and Defining Features of Narcolepsy (continued)

• Facts and Statistics – Rare Condition

– Affects about .03% to .16% of the population

– Equally distributed between males and females

– Onset during adolescence

– Typically improves over time

Page 46: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Dyssomnias: Overview and Defining Features of Narcolepsy (continued)

• Associated Features

– Cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations

– Daytime sleepiness does not remit without treatment

Page 47: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Dyssomnias: Overview of Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders

• Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders

– Sleepiness during the day and/or disrupted sleep at night

– Sleep apnea

• Restricted air flow and/or brief cessations of breathing

Page 48: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Dyssomnias: Overview of Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders (continued)

• Subtypes of Sleep Apnea

– Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

• Airflow stops, but respiratory system works

– Central sleep apnea (CSA)

• Respiratory systems stops for brief periods

– Mixed sleep apnea

• Combination of OSA and CSA

Page 49: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Dyssomnias: Facts and Features Associated With Breathing-

Related Sleep Disorders

• Facts and Statistics

– Occurs in 1-2% of population

– More common in males

– Associated with obesity and increasing age

Page 50: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Dyssomnias: Facts and Features Associated With Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders

(continued)

• Associated Features

– Persons are usually minimally aware of apnea problem

– Often snore, sweat during sleep, wake frequently

– May have morning headaches

– May experience episodes of falling asleep during the day

Page 51: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders

• Circadian Rhythm Disorders

– Disturbed sleep (i.e., either insomnia or excessive sleepiness)

– Due to brain’s inability to synchronize day and night

Page 52: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders (continued)

• Nature of Circadian Rhythms and Body’s Biological Clock

– Circadian Rhythms – Do not follow a 24 hour clock

– Suprachiasmatic nucleus

• Brain’s biological clock, stimulates melatonin

• Types of Circadian Rhythm Disorders

– Jet lag type

– Shift work type

Page 53: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Medical Treatments

• Insomnia

– Benzodiazepines and over-the-counter sleep medications

– Prolonged use

• Can cause rebound insomnia, dependence

– Best as short-term solution

Page 54: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Medical Treatments (continued)

• Hypersomnia and Narcolepsy

– Stimulants (i.e., Ritalin)

– Cataplexy

• Usually treated with antidepressants

Page 55: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Medical Treatments

• Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders

– May include medications, weight loss, or mechanical devices (C-PAP units)

• Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders

Page 56: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Medical Treatments (continued)

• Phase delays

– Moving bedtime later (best approach)

• Phase advances

– Moving bedtime earlier (more difficult)

• Use of very bright light

– Trick the brain’s biological clock

Page 57: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Psychological Treatments

• Relaxation and Stress Reduction

– Reduces stress and assists with sleep

– Modify unrealistic expectations about sleep

• Stimulus Control Procedures

– Improved sleep hygiene – Bedroom is a place for sleep

– For children – Setting a regular bedtime routine

Page 58: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Psychological Treatments (continued)

• Combined Treatments

– Insomnia – Short-term medication plus psychotherapy

– Other Dyssomnias

• Little evidence for the efficacy of combined treatments

Page 59: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Sleep Hygiene

• Have a bed time routine – same time, and strive for the same number of hours each night – “in and out” at the same time.

• Determine your “standard” number of hours for sleep – it changes with age• Be careful of stimulants 2 hours before bed time• No alcohol, heavy food, smoking before 4-6 hours before bed• Your bed is for two purposes – one is sleep – the other….! Do not eat, watch

TV, do papers, or online work in bed• Do not exercise two hours before bed time• Keep room cool; dark• Set up “white noise” - if outside noises bother you• Identify stressors and try to cope with them• Get up if you do not sleep in 20-30 minutes• Get out in the sunshine 20 minutes per day• Relaxing activities 30 minutes before bed – relaxation, meditation, Dr. Seuss;

music (soft);• Snore? Sleepy all day? Taking frequent naps? New meds? Check it out! • Bedrooms are “No Tech Zones”!

Page 60: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Parasomnias: Nature and General Overview

• Nature of Parasomnias

– The problem is not with sleep itself

– Problem is abnormal events during sleep, or shortly after waking

Page 61: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Parasomnias: Nature and General Overview (continued)

• Two Classes of Parasomnias

– Those that occur during REM (i.e., dream) sleep

– Those that occur during non-REM (i.e., non-dream) sleep

Page 62: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Parasomnias: Overview of Nightmare Disorder

• Nightmare Disorder

– Occurs during REM sleep

– Involves distressful and disturbing dreams

– Such dreams interfere with daily life functioning and interrupt sleep

Page 63: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Parasomnias: Overview of Nightmare Disorder (continued)

• Facts and Associated Features

– Dreams often awaken the sleeper

– Problem is more common in children than adults

• Treatment

– May involve antidepressants and/or relaxation training

Page 64: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Parasomnias: Overview of Sleep Terror Disorder

• Sleep Terror Disorder

– Recurrent episodes of panic-like symptoms during non-REM sleep

– Often noted by a piercing scream

Page 65: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Parasomnias: Overview of Sleep Terror Disorder (continued)

• Facts and Associated Features

– More common in children than adults

– Child cannot be easily awakened during the episode

– Child has little memory of it the next day

Page 66: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Parasomnias: Overview of Sleep Terror Disorder (continued)

• Treatment -- A Wait-and-See Posture

– Scheduled awakenings prior to the sleep terror

– Severe Cases

• Antidepressants (i.e., imipramine) or benzodiazepines

Page 67: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Parasomnias: Overview of Sleep Walking Disorder

• Sleep Walking Disorder – Somnambulism

– Occurs during non-REM sleep

– Usually during first few hours of deep sleep

– Person must leave the bed

Page 68: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Parasomnias: Overview of Sleep Walking Disorder (continued)

• Facts and Associated Features

– Problem is more common in children than adults

– Problem usually resolves on its own without treatment

– Seems to run in families

Page 69: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

The Parasomnias: Overview of Sleep Walking Disorder (continued)

• Related Conditions

– Nocturnal eating syndrome – Person eats while asleep

Page 70: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Summary of Eating and Sleep Disorders

• All Eating Disorders Share

– Gross deviations in eating behavior

– Fear or concern about weight, body size, appearance

– Heavily influenced by social, cultural, and psychological factors

Page 71: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Summary of Eating and Sleep Disorders (continued)

• All Sleep Disorders Share

– Interference with normal process of sleep

– Interference results in problems during waking

– Heaving influenced by psychological and behavioral factors

• Incidence of Eating and Sleep Disorders Is Increasing

• More Effective Treatments for Eating and Sleep Disorders Are Needed

Page 72: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

p. 343

Page 73: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Sleep Disorders

Kleine Levin Syndrome

A. The patient experiences recurrent episodes of excessive sleep (>11 hours/day).

B. Episodes occur at least once a year, and are generally 2 days to 4 weeks in duration.

C. During episodes, when awake, cognition is abnormal with feeling of unreality or confusion.  Behavioral abnormalities such as megaphagia or hypersexuality may occur in some episodes.

D. The patient has normal alertness, cognitive functioning, and behavior between the episodes.

E. The condition is not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g, mood disturbance), and is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another general medical condition (e.g. a metabolic disorder).

Page 74: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Sleep Disorders

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome (previously Breathing Related Sleep Disorder)

A. Symptoms of snoring, snorting/gasping or breathing pauses during sleep AND/OR

B. Symptoms of daytime sleepiness, fatigue, or unrefreshing sleep despite sufficient opportunities to sleep and unexplained by another medical or psychiatric morbidity AND

C. Evidence by polysomnography of 5 or more obstructive apneas or hypopneas per hour of sleep  OR

D. Evidence by polysomnography of 15 more obstructive apneas and/or hypopneas per hour of sleep.

Coding note: Also code sleep-related breathing disorder on Axis III.

Page 75: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Sleep Disorders

Primary Central Sleep Apnea (previously Breathing Related Sleep Disorder)

A. The patient reports at least one of the following:

1. excessive daytime sleepiness

2. frequent arousals and awakenings during sleep or insomnia complaints

3. awakening short of breath

B. Polysomnography shows five or more central apneas per hour of sleep

C. The disorder is not better explained by another current sleep disorder, medical or neurological disorder, medication use, or substance use disorder.

Page 76: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Sleep Disorders

Primary Alveolar Hypoventilation (previously Breathing Related Sleep Disorder)

A. Polysomnographic monitoring demonstrates episodes of shallow breathing longer than 10 seconds in duration associated with arterial oxygen desaturation and frequent arousals from sleep associated with the breathing disturbances or brady-tachycardia.  Note: although symptoms are not mandatory to make this diagnosis, patients often report excessive daytime sleepiness, frequent arousals and awakenings during sleep, or insomnia complaints.

B. No primary lung diseases, skeletal malformations, or peripheral neuromuscular disorders at affect ventilation are present.

C. The disorder is not better explained by another current sleep disorder, medical or neurological disorder, mental disorder, medication use, or substance use disorder.

Page 77: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Sleep Disorders

Rapid Eye Movement Behavior Disorder A. Repeated episodes of arousal during sleep associated with vocalization and/or

complex motor behaviors which may be sufficient to result in injury to the individual or bedpartner.

B. These behaviors arise during REM sleep and therefore usually occur greater that 90 minutes after sleep onset, are more frequent during the later portions of the sleep period, and rarely occur during daytime naps.

C. Upon awakening, the individual is completely awake, alert, and not confused or disoriented.

D. The observed vocalizations or motor behavior often correlate with simultaneously occurring dream mentation leading to the report of “acting out of dreams”.

E. The behaviors cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social or other important areas of functioning – particularly pertaining to distress to bedpartner or injury to self or bedpartner.

F. At least one of the following is present: 1) Sleep related injurious, potentially injurious, or disruptive behaviors arising from sleep and 2) Abnormal REM sleep behaviors documented by polysomnographic recording

G. REM sleep without atonia on polysomnographic recordingH. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a

drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition.

Page 78: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Sleep DisordersRestless Legs SyndromeA. Each of the following criteria must be met.The patient reports:

1. An urge to move the legs usually accompanied or caused by uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations in the legs (or for pediatric RLS the description of these symptoms should be in the child's own words).2. The urge or unpleasant sensations begin or worsen during periods of rest or inactivity. 3. Symptoms are partially or totally relieved by movement4. Symptoms are worse in the evening or at night than during the day or are present only at night or in the evening. (The worsening occurs independently of any differences in activity, which is important for pediatric RLS as children are sitting much of the day at school).

B. These symptoms are accompanied by significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, academic, behavioral or other important areas of functioning indicated by the presence of at least one of the following: 1. Fatigue or low energy, 2. Daytime sleepiness, 3. Cognitive impairments (e.g., attention, concentration, memory, learning), 4. Mood disturbance (e.g., irritability, dysphoria, anxiety), 5. Behavioral problems (e.g., hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggression), 6. Impaired academic or occupational function, 7. Impaired interpersonal/social functioning

C. Frequency: Remains under discussion pending consideration of secondary data analysisD. Duration: Remains under discussion pending considerations of secondary data analysis. E. The occurence of the above symptoms are not solely accounted for as symptoms primary to

another medical or behavioral condition (e.g., positional discomfort, leg cramps, habitual foot tapping, arthritis, neuropathic pain and peripheral ischemia).

F. The sleep difficulty occurs despite adequate age-appropriate circumstances and opportunity for sleep.

Clinically Comorbid Conditions:1.     Mental/Psychiatric Disorder (to be specified)2.     Medical Disorder (to be specified)3.     Another Disorder (to be specified)

Page 79: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Sleep Disorders

Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder - Advanced Sleep Phase TypeA. Persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep disruption leading to

excessive sleepiness, insomnia, or both that is primarily due to an alteration of the circadian system or to a misalignment between the endogenous circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake schedule required by a person’s physical environment or social/professional schedule.

B. The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Specify type:Advanced Sleep Phase Type: a persistent or recurrent pattern of

advanced sleep onset and awakening times, with an inability to remain awake and asleep until the desired or conventionally acceptable later sleep and wake times

Clinically Comorbid Conditions:1.     Mental/Psychiatric Disorder (specify)2.     Medical Disorder (specify)

Page 80: Chapter 8   Eating and Sleep Disorders

Sleep Disorders

Disorder of Arousal - Includes previous diagnoses of Sleepwalking Disorder and Sleep Terror Disorder.

  A. Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep usually occurring during the first

third of the major sleep episode.B. Subtypes

1. Confusional Arousals - Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep without terror or ambulation, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode. There is a relative lack of autonomic arousal such as mydriasis, tachycardia, rapid breathing, and sweating during an episode.2. Sleepwalking - Repeated episodes of rising from bed during sleep and walking about, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode. While sleepwalking, the person has a blank, staring face, is relatively unresponsive to the efforts of others to communicate with him or her, and can be awakened only with great difficulty. 3. Sleep terrors - Recurrent episodes of abrupt awakening from sleep, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode and beginning with a panicky scream. There is intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal, such as mydriasis, tachycardia, rapid breathing, and sweating, during each episode.

C. Relative unresponsiveness to efforts of others to comfort the person during the episode. D. No detailed dream is recalled and there is amnesia for the episode. E. The episodes cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or

other important areas of functioning. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of

abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition.

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• Circadiam Rhythm Sleep Disorder - Free-Running TypeA. Persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep disruption leading to

excessive sleepiness, insomnia, or both that is primarily due to an alteration of the circadian system or to a misalignment between the endogenous circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake schedule required by a person’s physical environment or social/professional schedule.

B. The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Specify type:Free-Running Type: a persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep and

wake cycles that are not entrained to the 24 hour environment, with a daily drift (usually to later and later times) of sleep onset wake times

Clinically Comorbid Conditions: 1.     Mental/Psychiatric Disorder (specify)2.     Medical Disorder (specify)

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• Circadiam Rhythm Sleep Disorder - Irregular Sleep-Wake TypeA. Persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep disruption leading to

excessive sleepiness, insomnia, or both that is primarily due to an alteration of the circadian system or to a misalignment between the endogenous circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake schedule required by a person’s physical environment or social/professional schedule.

B. The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Specify type:Irregular Sleep –Wake Type: a temporally disorganized sleep and

wake pattern, so that sleep and wake periods are variable throughout the 24 hour period.

Conditions:1.     Mental/Psychiatric Disorder (specify)2.     Medical Disorder (specify)

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• Removal of: Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder - Unspecified Type, Sleep Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, Parasomnia Type, & Sleep Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, Mixed Type

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Insomnia Disorder A. The predominant complaint is dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality made by the patient (or by a caregiver or

family in the case of children or elderly).B. Report of one or more of the following symptoms:

-Difficulty initiating sleep; in children this may be manifested as difficulty initiating sleep without caregiver intervention, Difficulty maintaining sleep characterized by frequent awakenings or problems returning to sleep after awakenings (in children this may be manifested as difficulty returning to sleep without caregiver intervention), Early morning awakening with inability to return to sleep, Non restorative sleep, Prolonged resistance to going to bed and/or bedtime struggles (children)

C. The sleep complaint is accompanied by significant distress or impairment in daytime functioning as indicated by the report of at least one of the following: -Fatigue or low energy, Daytime sleepiness , Cognitive impairments (e.g., attention, concentration, memory), Mood disturbance (e.g., irritability, dysphoria), Behavioral problems (e.g., hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggression), Impaired occupational or academic function, Impaired interpersonal/social function, Negative impact on caregiver or family functioning (e.g., fatigue, sleepiness

D.   The sleep difficulty occurs at least three nights per week.E.   The sleep difficulty is present for at least three months.F.   The sleep difficulty occurs despite adequate age-appropriate circumstances and opportunity for sleep. Duration: 

1.    Acute insomnia (<1 month)2.    Sub acute insomnia (1-3 months)3.    Persistent insomnia (> 3 months)

Clinically Comorbid Conditions:-Psychiatric disorder (specify) -Medical disorder (specify)-Another disorder (specify)

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Primary Hypersomnia/Narcolepsy without cataplexy A. The predominant complaint is unexplained hypersomnia (excessive sleep) or/and

hypersomnolence (sleepiness in spite of sufficient nocturnal sleep), for at least 3 months, occurring 3 or more times per week.1. Hypersomnia (excessive sleep) is defined by a prolonged nocturnal sleep episode or daily sleep amounts (>9 hours/day). 2. Hypersomnolence is defined by excessive daytime sleepiness with recurrent daytime naps or lapses into sleep that occurs daily or almost daily over at least the last 3 months (when the patient is untreated) and daily sleep amounts > 6 hours.  To document hypersomnolence, the Multiple Sleep Latency Test must show a mean sleep latency below 8 minutes, with or without Sleep Onset REM Periods (SOREMPs).  If the patient has more than 2 SOREMPs, the condition may be called “narcolepsy without cataplexy”. 

B. The sleep periods are non-restorative (unrefreshing) or so prolonged in length that this causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

C. The hypersomnia is not better accounted for by insomnia and does not occur exclusively during the course of another Sleep Disorder (e.g., Narcolepsy with Cataplexy, Sleep-Related Breathing Disorder, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, or a Parasomnia) and cannot be accounted for by an inadequate amount of sleep.  

D. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of another mental or medical disorder but may occur simultaneously with these disorders.

E. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication).

Clinically Comorbid Conditions:Mental/Psychiatric Disorder (specify)Medical Disorder (specify)

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• Narcolepsy/Hypocretin Deficiency

A. Recurrent daytime naps or lapses into sleep that occurs daily or almost daily over at least the last 3 months (when the patient is untreated).

B. The presence of one or both of the following:

1. Cataplexy defined as brief (a few seconds to 2 minutes) episodes of sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone with maintained consciousness, most often in association with laughter or joking.  These episodes must occur at least a few times per month providing the patient is untreated for this symptom.

2. Hypocretin deficiency, as measured using CSF hypocretin-1 immunoreactivity measurements (<1/3 of normal reference values). 

C. Do not occur exclusively during the course of another mental or medical disorder but may occur simultaneously with these disorders.

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Circadian Rhythm Sleep DisorderA. A persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness,

insomnia, or both that is primarily due to an alteration of the circadian system or to a misalignment between the endogenous circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake schedule required by a person’s physical environment or social/professional schedule.

B. The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Specify type:Delayed Sleep Phase Type: a persistent or recurrent pattern of delayed sleep onset and awakening times, with an inability to fall asleep and awaken at a desired or conventionally acceptable earlier timeAdvanced Sleep Phase Type: a persistent or recurrent pattern of advanced sleep onset and awakening times, with an inability to remain awake and asleep until the desired or conventionally acceptable later sleep and wake timesIrregular Sleep –Wake Type: a temporally disorganized sleep and wake pattern, so that sleep and wake periods are variable throughout the 24 hour period.Free-Running Type: a persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep and wake cycles that are not entrained to the 24 hour environment, with a daily drift (usually to later and later times) of sleep onset wake times Jet Lag Type: sleepiness and alertness that occur at an inappropriate time of day relative to local time, occurring after travel across time zoneShift Work Type: insomnia during the major sleep period and/or excessive sleepiness (including inadvertent sleep) during the major awake period associated with shift work schedule o(i.e., requiring unconventional work hours) of at least one month

Clinically Comorbid Conditions:1.     Mental/Psychiatric Disorder (specify)2.     Medical Disorder (specify)

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Nightmare Disorder A. Repeated awakenings from the major sleep period or naps with

detailed recall of extended and extremely dysphoric dreams, usually involving active efforts to avoid threats to survival, security, or physical integrity. The awakenings generally occur during the second half of the sleep period.

B. On awakening from the dysphoric dreams, the person rapidly becomes oriented and alert (in contrast to the confusion and disorientation seen in Sleep Terror Disorder and some forms of epilepsy).

C. The dream experience, or the sleep disturbance resulting from the awakening, causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

D. The nightmares do not occur exclusively during the course of another mental disorder (e.g., a delirium, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) and are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition.