chapter 8-4 tourism sustainable development
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 8-4
Tourism SustainableDevelopment
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1. Explain the three major economic impacts of tourism on
destination areas and how these impacts are measured2. Describe the strategies to maximize the economic impact of
tourism and how tourisms role in economic developmentcan be analyzed.
3.Discuss the potentially negative social and cultural impactsof tourism on destination areas.
4. Identify the positive social and cultural impacts that mayresult from tourism.
5. Describe the potentially negative environmental impacts of
tourism on destination areas.6. Identify the positive environmental impacts that may result
from tourism.
7. Explain the principles of sustainable tourism development.
Learning Objectives
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Three Major Economic Impacts of Tourism
1. Increasing foreign exchange earnings
2. Increasing income
3. Increasing employment
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Strategies for Maximizing the Economic
Impact of Tourism
1. Encouraging import substitution
2. Implementing incentive programs
3. Dealing with multinational companies
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Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of
Tourism
Damage to family structures and subsistence food
production.
Displacement of local people to make way forairports, resorts, nature reserves, historical and
other attraction sites, and other tourism
development projects.
Encouragement of behaviors such as begging,
touting, and other harassment of visitors.
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Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of
Tourism
Encouragement of urbanization and emigration.
Friction and resentment between local people and
visitors because of overcrowding and lack ofaccess for residents to recreational areas and
facilities.
Increase in health risks through diseases such asAIDS, malaria, hepatitis, and influenza.
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Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of
Tourism
Increase in drug abuse and prostitution.
Open antagonism and crimes against visitors.
Commercialization of traditional welcome and
hospitality customs.
Loss of cultural identity.
Overcrowding and damage to archaeological andhistorical sites and monuments.
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Positive Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism
May encourage attempts to keep culture and traditions
alive.
Traditional ways and goods may be restored becausevisitors are interested and are willing buyers of these.
Festivals staged for visitors help to keep local cultures alive.
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Potentially Negative Environmental Impacts of
Tourism
Changes of land use.
Congestion and air pollution.
Contribution to worldwide environmental problems.
Deterioration and disturbance of the natural
ecology.
Deterioration of archaeological, historical,architectural, and natural sites.
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Potentially Negative Environmental Impacts of
Tourism
Impacts of foot traffic.
Pollution of beaches, lakes, rivers, and underground water.
Visual clutter. Insufficient utility service capacities.
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Positive Environmental
Impacts of Tourism
Greater protection of specific ecosystems.
More control of harmful economic activitiessuch as logging and commercial fishing.
Part of visitor expenditures may bereinvested in research and better
conservation programs.Greater understanding among local
residents of environmental issues.
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Principles of
Sustainable Tourism Development
1. Ecological sustainability
2. Social and cultural sustainability
3. Economic sustainability
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Three main principles (McIntyre, 1993):
Ecological sustainability
Social and cultural sustainabilityEconomic sustainability
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14http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/library/pubs/set.html
Economic sustainability
Economic growth
Private profit
Market expansion
Ecological process
Biological diversity
Biological resourcesCarrying capacity
Local self-reliance
Social accountability
Strengthencommunity identity
Conservationism
Deep ecology
Economic Development and
sociocultural protection
Ecological sustainabilitySocial and cultural sustainability
STD
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Ecological Sustainability
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First, prior to departure, tourists purchase travel-relatedclothing and equipment.
Second, when tourists travel long distances to touristdestinations, they create considerable atmosphericpollution and other impacts on the global environment.
Third, upon arrival at the tourist destination, touristsoften continue their accustomed habits of consumption
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high altitude emissions from long distance
air travel
Marine dumping of wastes from cruise ships
little public information is available on the
environmental and social impacts of long
distance travel
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Degradation of local water and soil quality
into a vicious circle
Reduced access by local residents to land,
housing and marine resources
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Green tourism & eco-tourism
Solutions to tourism-related pollution in the traveland tourism industry are technologicallyavailable.
The industry has every opportunity to institutevoluntary initiatives and self-regulation toaddress green tourism advocates and thosecalling for government regulation.
The establishment of formal environmentalmanagement systems (EMSs) in each businessestablishment
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The establishment of waste reduction
programs
Appropriate waste management systems
and infrastructure
National governments and tourism
businesses maintaining
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Green Globe is a globalbenchmarking,certification andmanagement systemthat is based on Agenda21 and principles ofsustainabledevelopment endorsedby 182 Heads of Stateat the United NationsRio de Janeiro EarthSummit. It providescompanies andcommunities with a pathto sustainable travel andtourism.
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a) an architectural concept of a symbiosis of
buildings and nature
b) eco-airport features that seek to preserve
and foster the local eco-system
c) the commitment to co-exist harmoniously
with the surrounding community
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Cultural Sustainablility
----Positive
----Negative
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A better understanding between differentcivilizations
Introduce the local traditions to the world
Achieve the up-to-date theory andtechnology
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Regain the respect of many marginalizedtraditions
Lead many traditions to their 2nd blooming
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Disrupt the original lifestyle.
The different cultural background may result in a
misunderstanding between visitors & local
community.
Leading to the increasing rate of crime, decrease
the public morality.
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Assimilation: Process of assimilating or
being assimilated. (Oxford Advanced LearnersEnglish-Chinese Dictionary)
Vulgarization: Process of becoming vulgar,reduce the profound meanings of traditions.
Commercialization: More and more people
tend to treat traditions with an attitude ofmaking profit.
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According to the USA website: www.MSNBC.com,under the destruction of improper tourism developing,
the Great Wall is disappearing at a daily-growing
speed. Without effective protection, we wont see it in
the next century.
http://www.msnbc.com/http://www.msnbc.com/ -
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See traditions in the light of development Keep the essence, discard the dross
Treat cultural differences with
acceptanceEducation
Emphasize the importance of treasuringthe heritages
Cultivate experts, protect the historicalsites with up-to-date theory
Balance the development and protection
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Economic Sustainability
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Positive Effects Negative Effects
Increasing foreign
exchange earnings
Leakage
Increasing income Enclave tourism (cruise
line)
Increasing employment Infrastructure costs
Stimulation ofinfrastructure
development
Increase in prices
Economic dependence of
the local community on
tourism
Seasonal character of jobs
Other industry impacts
affecting tourism
(economic crises)
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Encouraging
ImportSubstitution
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Implementing
IncentivePrograms
Financialincentive
Fiscal
incentives
Cause an inflow ofcapital to developthe tourismdestination mix
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Problems &Issues
Incentives are given base onwhat the competition is offering
The capital incentives maybe given whenthere are more extra labors
Program itself may cause somedifficulties or problems
Managers may lose interest in the projector let quality standards run down whentax holiday comes to a close
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A Destination
Should:Examine the performance of other countries
incentive programs in light of their resources
and development objectives
Research the actual needs of investors
Design codes of investment concessions related
to specific development objectives, with precise
requirements of the investors
Establish targets of achievement and periodically
monitor and assess the level of realization of
such targets
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Dealing withMultinationalTourismCompanies
When the tourism has developed , the opportunity hasarisen for the global expansion of large tourismcompanies. These multinational companies have beencriticized for operating to benefit their own profitabilityat the expense of destination areas. And most
multinational tourism companies have their headoffices in the most developed countries. But those kindof companies usually generate lower foreign exchangereceipts than do local hotels
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Limited JobOpportunities
Those multinational companies usually
employ more professional managers ratherthan the local people. But somemanagement contracts say that three to fiveyears the management team must be madeup of locals. At this points , the destination
can really benefit from the foreign ownedcompanies.
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Charter Issue
Visitors prefer to travel by an airline of their
country of origin rather than by the airlineof the destination country for the qualityand safety issue. So sometimes the lease ofaircraft from developed countries isnecessary , especially for developing
countries
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Tour Operators
Tour operators can influence the destination a lot .
So if destination areas become totally dependent onforeign tour operators , they risk losing control oftourism development, and also foreign exchangerevenues may suffer. In addition, by dealing withoperators who specialize in smaller but morespecialized markets, there is more chance that localinbound operators will be used.
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Foreign Currency
Some countries have limited the amount of their owncurrency that visitors can bring into and take out toensure that foreign currency is used to pay billswithin the destination. Some destinations may havesome strict requirements of currency to the visitors.And also some requirements about currencies for theforeign tour operators.
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Coopetition
The definition of coopetition is the need
for cooperation among tourismdestinations in order to better market thetourism product effectively and meet thecompetition at the regional or global level.
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Government
Non-profitBusiness
Coop-etition
Smallcommunity
A
SmallCommunity
B
Co-opetition
Figure1.1 Venn diagram ofgovernment, business andnon-profit coopetition
Figure1.2 Venndiagram of two smallcommunities practicingcoopetition
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EconomicAnalysis
MethodsCost / BenefitAnalysis
Structural Analysis
Satellite NationalAccounting
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Cost /Benefit Analysis-------A technique used to determinewhich economic sector produces the mostbenefit in terms of foreign exchange ,employment , taxes , or income generatedrelative to the costs of development.
Disadvantage: the results of cost/benefit
analysis are too dependent on theappropriateness of its assumptions. It is notpossible to check actual performanceagainst prediction.
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Structural AnalysisAs growth occurs, long-term economicchanges can be tracked through structuralanalysis. There are three different processesmust be studied:
(1) Accumulation processes( investment,government revenue, education)
(2) Resource allocation process( structure ofdomestic demand, production and trade)
(3) Demographic and distribution process( labor allocation , urbanization, demographictransition, income distribution)
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Satellite National Accounting
The World Tourism Organization and World Travel & Tourism
Council support the concept of analyzing tourism through asatellite account for tourism. In essence, this means adding up
the impacts of tourism that have traditionally been allocated to
other economic sectors.
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Meets the needs of present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
World Commission on Environment
and Development (1987)
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The use of natural resources to support
economic activity without compromising the
environments carrying capacity, which is its
ability to continue producing those economicgoods and services.
Manning and Dougherty (1995)
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Tourism which is developed and maintained in
an area (community, environment) in such a
manner and such a scale that it remains viable
over an indefinite period and does not degradeor alter the environment (human and physical) in
which it exists to such a degree that it prohibits
the successful development and well-being of
other activities and processes.
Butler (1993)
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http://www.cadi.ph/sustainable_development.htm
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It tries its utmost to maintain the importance oflocal culture and tradition.
It is informatory, as it doesnt only let touristknow about the destinations but also it helpslocals knowing about the culture and civilizationsof tourists.
It is aimed to conserve the resources ofdestinations where one is visiting to.
It seeks deeper involvement of locals, which
provide local people an opportunity and maketheir living.
It stresses pointedly upon integrity of the touristplaces.
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This WTO report recommends that tourismneeds to be developed to satisfy three broadprinciples (Ding and Pigram, 1995):
1. To improve the quality of life of the hostcommunity.
2. To provide a high-quality experience forvisitors.
3. To maintain the quality of environment onwhich both the host community and the visitorsdepend.
McIntyre, G. 1993. Sustainable Tourism Development:
Guide for Local Planners. MadridWorld Tourism Organization.
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Economic viability Local prosperity
Employment quality
Social equity
Visitor fulfillment Local control
Community wellbeing
Cultural richness
Physical integrity
Biological diversity
Resource efficiency
Environmental purity
Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers, in September 2005 released by UNEP and WTO.
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Provinces Central
Government
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Oct. 25.1995, the United Nations released ParisDeclaration: In 21 century, the only way for mankindto survive is to learn the essence from Confucius2500 years ago.
Government--Official members who involve in
policy-setting and planning need to recognize andgive equal consideration to both potential positiveand negative effects of tourism.
Private sectors-- consciously balance the interests
of profit, environment, and social and culture. Community-- Local people must play a key role in
determining the future of tourism in their community.
R f
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McIntyre, G. 1993. Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for LocalPlanners. MadridWorld Tourism Organization.
Manning, E. W., and T. D. Dougherty. 1995. Sustainable tourism:Preserving the golden goose. Cornell Hotel and RestaurantAdministration Quarterly, 36 (2):29-42.
Butler, R. W. 1993. Pre- and Post-Impact Assessment of TourismDevelopment. Tourism research: Critiques and challenges. New York:Routledge. 135-155.
Ding, P., and J. Pigram, 1995. Environmental audits: An emerging
concept in sustainable tourism development. Journal of TourismStudies, 6 (2):2-10. David L . Edgell, Srand R. Todd Haenisch.(1995). Coopetition: Global
Tourism Beyond the Millennium, 2. From NewspaperarticleCoopetition is needed in eastern N.C , The
Daily Reflector, Greenville, North Carolina, 04 November 2004. Robert Christie Mill and Alastair M . Morrison. (2006). The Tourism
System. US: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Yongjin Deng, Folklore-based Tourism, Yunnan University Press Zhaoxiang Ba, National folklore Tourism, Fujian Peoples Publishing
House Xing Xiao, The Development of the Chinese Tourism Resources,
China Travel & Tourism Press
References
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References
http://www.ecoindia.com/sustainable-tourism.html
http://www.sectur.gob.mx/wb/secturing/sect_ing_destinations_care/_rid/95
95/_mto/3/_wst/maximized?imp_act=imp_step3&page=0 http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/library/pubs/set.html
http://www.cadi.ph/sustainable_development.htm
http://www.world-tourism.org/
http://www.wttc.org/
http://www.msnbc.com/
http://dlib.cnki.net/kns50/detail.aspx?filename=2007096274.nh&dbname=
CMFD2007 http://www.scribd.com/doc/2931610/ARCHAEOLOGY-TOURISM-
AND-SUSTAINABLE-DEVELOPMENT-
http://www.wttc.org/bin/pdf/temp/progresspriorities05-06.html
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The End !