Chapter 7

Chapter SevenMining, Farming, Lumber, and Fame

Objectives:

A.4.4 Describe and give examples of ways in which people interact with the physical environment, including use of land, location of communities, methods of construction, and design of shelters.

D.4.2 Identify situations requiring an allocation of limited economic resources and appraise the opportunity cost(for example, spending ones allowance on a movie will mean less money saved for a new video game).

D.4.3 Identify local goods and services that are part of the global economy and explain their use in Wisconsin.

D.4.4 Give examples to explain how businesses and industry depend upon workers with specialized skills to make production more efficient.

D.4.5 Distinguish between private goods and services (for example, the family car or a local restaurant) and public goods and services (for example, the interstate highway system or the United States Postal Service).

D.4.5 Identify the economic roles of various institutions, including households, businesses, and government.

D.4.7 Describe how personal economic decisions, such as deciding what to buy, what to recycle, or how much to contribute to people in need, can affect the lives of people in Wisconsin, the United States, and the world.

Vocabulary: 7

pecka unit of measure; one-fourth of a bushel

extractto draw out by effort, to remove

mineralan inorganic substance found naturally in the earth

teamstersworkers who haul loads with a team or truck

declinea downward slope

market valuethe price of something determined by current availability

leasea contract to rent land or buildings to a tenant

self-sufficientable to get along without help

cash cropa crop raised for money

scythea tool with a long single-edged blade

reapera machine used to harvest grain

supply and demanda law of economic trade

separatora machine used to withdraw cream from milk

pasteurizeto destroy bacteria in milk

homogenizeto process milk so that fat particles are unable to separate

home industrywhen a product is made and sold from ones home

renneta preparation used to curdle milk

curdleto form into a coagulated curd from which cheese is made

staplea chief commodity made or grown in a particular place

mechanicalhaving to do with machinery or tools

economythe management of income

logjaman obstacle of logs jamming together in a stream

pineryforest in the northern part of Wisconsin

lumberjacka worker who cuts down trees or works in a sawmill

shantiesshacks, shabby little houses

choppersa nickname for men who cut down trees

barkersmen who remove branches from trees that have been cut down

sawmillsfactories where trees are sawed into boards

mortgagepledging property for the payment of a debt

sharesany of the equal parts of capital stock of a corporation

Introduction:

Activity 1-Consult with local contacts, parents, grandparents, or businesses, to find an introductory speaker for this chapter. Ask the person to tell about their experience in farming, mining or the lumber business.

Activity 2-Invite the children to read to discover the history of these professions in the state of Wisconsin. Use a library search or appropriate internet sites such as: http://www.worldalmanacforkids.com/explore/states/wisconsin

Activity 3-Develop a questionnaire that students may use to interview a friend or relative who has been active in one of these professions. Students may share their findings with the class.

Reading Guide:

Teachers may direct the class to read the assignment using the following questions to guide thinking and understanding of the information.

First, read the questions.

Second, read the passage from the book.

Third, read the questions and determine if you have retained the information and/or can draw a conclusion or answer.

Lead-Mining Days

Who were the first lead miners?

The first lead miners were Native Americans.

How did Native Americans mine and use lead?

Native Americans did not mine, but they picked the lead up off the ground. They used it in trade with others. They could trade a peck of lead for a peck of corn.

Who owned most of the land where lead mines were located?

Native Americans owned the land that contained lead. Most of the land belonged to the Sauk and Fox Indians and the Ho-Chunk Indians.

Who was the first non-Indian to mine lead on a large scare?

Julien Dubuque, a French Canadian trader, was the first to mine lead on a large scale. He made a bargain with the Fox people to allow him free use of the lead on their lands.

How did Native Americans lose the mineral rights to their land?

Congress passed a law giving all mineral rights on Indian lands to the U.S. government.

What are minerals? List some minerals.

Minerals include oil, natural gas, coal, metals such as copper, gold, mica, iron and lead, limestone, building stones, and salt.

When and where was the first lead mining settlement established?

The first lead mines were made in 1824 at New Diggings.

Why did so many settlers move to Wisconsin after 1825?

People could make a fortune in lead mining. About 10,000 people moved into Wisconsin because of lead mining. Mining Lead/The Decline of Lead Mining

Describe where miners lived in the summer? In the winter?

In the summer miners who were non-Indian lived in tents.

In the winter the non-Indian miners lived in holes in the sides of the hills.

Why were the miners called badgers?

Badgers dig holes in the ground and make a burrow. The miners were called badgers because they burrowed in the ground in the winter.

How was lead moved or shipped?

The lead was moved by river routes and also through the Great Lakes.

Who moved the lead to the water transportation?

Men called teamsters moved the lead by using horses to pull the load.

Teamsters later became drivers of trucks.

What happened to the price of lead by 1829?

The price of lead was very low. Five thousand pounds of lead would buy a barrel of flour.

What occurred that caused the decline of lead mining?

Gold was discovered in California and the price of lead declined.

Farming

Why was the federal leasing of land ended in Wisconsin?

Some of the people who had been lead miners decided to become farmers. They wanted to buy the land not lease it. The government decided to sell the land at auctions.

Life on the Farm

Describe life on an early Wisconsin farm.

What was life like for the children on a farm?

(Encourage the students to discuss life on the farm.

Compile a list that tells what farm life would have been like.)

Growing Wheat

What was the main cash crop in Wisconsin until the 1840s?

The main cash crop was wheat.

What was the tool used in harvesting wheat?

A scythe was used in harvesting wheat. It was a hand tool.

What invention increased the production of wheat?

The horse drawn McCormick reaper could cut as much wheat as ten workers with scythes.

Why did demand for Wisconsin wheat drop?

Southern farmers grew a new kind of wheat that was easier to grind and easier to bake. Wheat production also decreased because the farmers used the land over and over. The soil ceased to grow good wheat.

What type of farming replaced wheat?

The farmers who had lived in New England became dairy farmers.

The School of Agriculture

How did the University of Wisconsin help farmers solve their problems?

They founded the School of Agriculture at the University of Wisconsin. During the winter, the school helped farmers find answers for farming problems.

William Hoard/Stephen Babcock

Who was the father of modern dairying? What did he do?

William Hoard taught how to improve dairying, published a dairymans magazine, and served as Wisconsins governor in 1889-91.

What problems did Stephen Babcock solve as a scientific researcher?

Babcock invented the milk separator and the butterfat test. He studied feeding practices for cows. His work contributed to the discovery of vitamins.

Farming and Dairying

Make a list of farming practices labeled Then and Now.

ThenNow

Mules and horses were used to farm.Tractors and modern machines are used to farm.

Grew food to feed the familyGrows food to feed the world

Family owned farmsFamily and corporation owned farms

List the steps for milk from the cow and farm to your table:

Automatic milking machines milk the cow.

Milk is piped to a big tank.

A tank truck pumps the milk into the trucks tank.

The milk is hauled to the dairy plant.

The milk company pasteurizes and homogenizes the milk, then makes milk products.

The dairy company ships the products to grocery stores and other sales locations.

Consumers buy the products and take them home.

Products That Made Wisconsin FamousCheese/The First Cheese Factory/Rennet/Wisconsin, Cheese King

Who ran Wisconsins first cheese factory in her kitchen?

Mrs. Anna Pickett of Lake Mills ran the first cheese factory.

Chester Hazen built the first for-profit cheese factory.

What product from Wisconsin won the highest-ranking prize at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia?

M. N. Seward of Aztalan made two cheeses for the Exposition. Each one weighed nearly 2,500 pounds.

What makes curds in soft cheese such as cottage cheese?

Rennet is used to make curds in cheese.

What food makes Wisconsin famous?

Wisconsin produces more cheese than any other state. Colby cheese is the most famous Wisconsin cheese. Joseph Steinwant made the first Colby in 1885.

Beer

Why was beer a staple in European homes?

They drank beer with meals and to quench thirst on a hot day when they were working. They also drank beer because the water was not fit to drink.

What crop did farmers produce for the beer industry?

Farmers, especially German farmers, produced barley for the beer industry.

Ice

Why was the ice on Green Bay, in lakes and in rivers important to Wisconsins economy?

In the late 1800s ice was taken from Green Bay, natural lakes and rivers. The ice was used to keep beer, meat and other foods cold enough to be shipped and sold nationwide.

How is ice made today?

Ice is made commercially by machine.

Lumber and Paper

Where was the pinery located. Who owned most of the pinery?

The pinery was located in the northern half of Wisconsin. The U.S. government owned most of the thick pine forest.

Why were Wisconsins rivers important to the development of the forest industry?

When the U.S. leased the pine forest to lumber companies, they cut logs close to the rivers. They then used the streams to float the logs to sawmills.

How did this influence the development of Wisconsin?

Towns grew around the logging areas when workers came to work for the lumber and paper industry.

What was the job of choppers and barkers?

Choppers used axes and saws to cut down trees. Barkers cut off the branches to make the logs easier to move.

Where were logs stacked during the winter logging season?

Logs were pulled on large sleds and stacked near rivers and streams.

Why did some lumberjacks work only in the winter?

Some lumberjacks worked only in the winter and then went home to be farmers.

What caused the lumber industry to expand in the late 1800s?

The railroads were able to move wood by rail the entire year. Forest products became the backbone of Wisconsin economy.

The Peshtigo Fire

What was the Peshtigo Fire?

A large forest fire started near the village of Peshtigo. More than a thousand people died in the fire. The people could not escape the flames.

What other fire happened on the same day and is better remembered?

The Chicago fire was started by Mrs. OLearys cow. The fire spread and much of the city was burned. Between 200 and 300 died in that fire. The telegraph quickly spread the news about the Chicago fire.

How were the people who perished in the Peshtigo fire honored?

Wisconsins first historical marked was placed in the cemetery where many of the fire victims were buried.

The Paper Industry

How were flour mills used after farmers stopped planting wheat?

The flour mills were converted into paper mills.

What was used to make paper?

At first the mills used rags to make paper. Then the millers learned to use wood pulp to make paper. Some of the largest paper mills still operate in Wisconsin.

Todays Paper Mills

How do paper mills operate today?

The wood used in paper mills today is not from Wisconsin. The forests in Wisconsin became too small. The pulp is imported, but Wisconsin is still the number one producer of paper in the United States.

Stars of Wisconsins Inventions and Industry

As the children read this passage, give them worksheet to match the industrialist with the invention or industry that that person developed.

The Horseless Carriage Race

Where was the first horseless carriage race held? How many carriages entered?

The Wisconsin legislature held a race run between Green Bay and Madison for a $10,000 prize. There were two entries. The Oshkosh car run but received only half the money because it would not run backward.

Railroads

How were products brought to market or moved before the railroad was built?

Goods were moved by river, canals steamboats and wagons.

Why were railroads important to Wisconsin?

Trains moved goods faster. They also carried people. Towns wanted railroads and gave them money and land to get them to come to their town.

Farming and Railroads

Why did farmers mortgage their land to help build railroads?

The railroads did not have enough money to lay tracks to all the people who needed to use the railroad to move their crops to market.

How were the mortgages used by the railroad?

The railroad used the value of the farmers land to borrow money from banks and investors so that the railroads could expand their tracks and stations.

How were the farmers to be benefited?

They would pay to ship their crops to reach many more customers. Other people would also use the railroad. The profits made by the railroad would pay back the farmers for their support.

The Plan That Failed

What is an economic panic?

People are afraid that there will lose their money, and that banks will fail.

List some of the reasons the plan failed.

Problems in the country affected spending everywhere.

Farm prices fell.

People were afraid the banks would fail and took out their money.

The railroads companies could not pay the investors.

Many farmers lost their money and their land.

Who was elected as governor in 1901 that gave new hope for a better life for Wisconsin citizens?

Robert M. La Follette was elected governor.

How well do I remember?

What was the lead rush?What was the most important crop in the 1800s?Why is dairy farming important to the economy of Wisconsin?

Where did farmers in the late 1800s get ice? How did they use the ice?

What was the pinery?

Why were the rivers important to the forest industry?

Why were railroads important to Wisconsin? How were they used?

Intergrating the Curriculum:

Math:

Measurement:

Farmers use measurement in all parts of their work and lifestyle. Collect various containers that hold a specified amount in liquid or solid measure. Try to include jars used in canning, a peck sack, a bushel basket, etc.

Set up a rice station. Cover the floor with plastic or a large tray for easy cleaning. Not all containers hold the exact amount they show on the label. Allow children to use standard measuring cups and spoons to check the volume of these containers.

Questions to ask:

Is there more than one measurement listed on the label? (Usually there will be standard and metric listed. You may find that the metric is correct but the ounces will be less if filled to the level generally sold to the consumer. This activity is a springboard for discussing economics on a day to day living level.

Is it always better to buy the large economy size? This is an excellent way to check the cost of common use items such as cereal. Using division skills, find out the cost per ounce for different sizes of the same brand.

How can retailers afford to put items on sale? When is a sale item a good buy? Using the local weekly grocery advertisements, compare prices for a list of foods. Some children might be willing to check prices when t hey shop with the family.

Science:

Making Butter:

Using heavy cream, children can make butter by shaking the cream in a quart container. Put a pint of cream into the jar. Be sure the container and cream are very cold. Allow each student to shake the jar about 10 to 15 shakes. The butterfat will collect on the sides of the jar. The last part of the process requires vigorous shaking. The butter will roll into a soft ball with the buttermilk inside the jar. Carefully remove the butter to a bowl, add a few grains of salt and work it with a spoon to press out the remaining liquid. Serve a taste on crackers.

This internet site gives excellent information for making butter.

http://webexhibits.org/butter/doityourself.html

Papermaking: (Forest Industry)

Consult the following sites to find directions to making paper or simply type How do you make paper? into your own favorite search engine.

This would be an excellent activity to help students understand the value of a sheet of paper. The handmade paper could be used for an invitation to a class presentation at the end of the Wisconsin study.

http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art221/papermaking.html

http://davesgarden.com/forums/t/3892/

Bibliography:

Mac Lachlan, Patricia. Sarah, Plain and Tall. Harper Trophy, 1996.

(Newbery Medal Winner)

Harrington, Roy. Grandpas John Deere Tractors. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1996.

Brink, Carol Ryrie. Caddie Woodlawn. Aladdin Paperbacks, 1997.

(Newbery Honor Book)

Olsen, W. Scott. Meeting the Neighbors: Sketches of Life on the Northern Prairie. North Star Press of St. Cloud, 1993.

(Teacher reference)

Vocabulary Activity 1-Chaper 7

MiningChoose a word from the vocabulary box to complete each statement. You may use the glossary to find definitions.

1. The farmer measured the grain using a _____________________measure.

A peck is equal to one-fourth a bushel or eight quarts.

2. The miners worked hard to ______________________the lead ore from the ground.

3. Mica is a ______________________found naturally in Wisconsin.

4. My grandfather and father were ____________________. Grandfather used mules to haul a load, but my father used a truck.

5. The price of lead began to _____________when gold was discovered in California.

6. The ___________ ____________ of a product can change depending on how much is produced or mined.

7. Because miners lived in holes they burrowed out of the sides of hills in winter, they were called ___________________. Badgers are animals that live in a burrow.

badgerspeckdeclinemarket value

extractmineralteamstersleased

Vocabulary Activity 2 , Chapter 7

FarmingChoose a word from the vocabulary box to complete each statement. You may use the glossary to find definitions.

2. Some farmers could not afford to buy land, so they __________________ it for a fee each year.

3. When a farmer raises everything his family needs, he is _______________________.

4. Crops sold to others for money by a farmer are called a __________________________.

5. Before the invention of the reaper, farmers used a ________________ to cut grain.

6. When the ___________________ was invented, farmers planted more wheat.

7. The law of _____________________________ determines the price of crops or goods. If there is too much of a product, the price drops. If there is too little of a product, the price rises.

8. Stephen Babcock invented the __________________, a machine that removed the cream from milk.

9. When milk is heated to destroy bacteria, it is _________________________.

10. When milk is processed in a way to make the cream remain uniform in the milk it is

___________________________.

11. A person who produces a product in the house where they live has developed

a __________ _______________.

12. An extract from a calfs stomach that is used to curdle milk is_________________.

13. When milk __________________ it makes curds for cottage cheese.

14. A ____________________ is a product such as flour and salt used by almost everyone .

15. A __________________ device is a machine that is used to do a task.

self-sufficientscythesupply and demandpasteurized

home industrycurdlesstapleleased

cash-cropreaperseparatorhomogenized

rennetmechanical

Draw a line to match all the facts to the correct person or place.

Stephen Babcockinvented the milk separator and the butterfat test.

built a school of agriculture.

The University of Wisconsin founded the Wisconsin Dairymens Association.

Offered classes to farmers to help them learn better practices of farming.

William Hoard

Studied feeding practices for cows and contributed to the discovery of vitamins.

Name_____________________________________ Date________________________

Lumber and PaperChoose a word from the vocabulary box to complete each statement. You may use the glossary to find definitions.

1. The way a society produces and manages wealth is the _________________ of the society.

2. When logs form a ______________________, they pile up in a stream and cannot move without the help of a lumberjack. Today we use the term for anything that is obstructing progress as, The traffic was in a logjam on the expressway.

3. In northern Wisconsin, there was a dense pine forest called the ________________.

4. A man who works in the lumber industry is known as a ______________________.

5. Small, poorly constructed shacks or dwelling are called_______________________.

6. People who use axes or saws to fell trees are ______________________________.

7. Men who remove limbs from fallen trees are _______________________.

8. A factory where trees are sawed into boards is a ____________________.

9. When an owner pledges his property to secure money or pay a debt, the paper he signs to agree to this term is called a _____________________________.

10. When you own a part of a corporation or business with others, you have ___________________ in the company.

chopperslumberjackeconomysharesmortgage

sawmillslogjampinerybarkersshanties

Stars of Wisconsins Inventions and Industry Name _____________

Match the industrialist or inventor with the company or products they developed.

repaired threshers for a living.

C. Latham Sholes

was a newspaper publisher.

improved the threshing machine and

built a factory that became one of the biggest farm machinery companies in the world.

Edward P. Allis

invented a typewriter in 1864.

bought and operated a flour mill, bought the Bay State Iron Manufacturing Co. and build machinery for his flour mill and steam pumps for water systems.

Jerome I. Case

was a newpaper publisher.

opened a sawmill machinery plant. One of his employees invented the band saw used by all sawmills.

Chapter 7 Test-Living on a Wisconsin Farm Name_______________________

After studying chapter 7, reflect on what your life might have been like if you had lived on a Wisconsin farm. Write a diary entry describing a day on the farm.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 7 Test -Mining, Farming, Lumberand Fame Name__________________

Complete the statement to make it true.

1. ____________ ___________________ did not mine underground. They gathered lead from the top of the ground.

2. Children who lived on a farm were often unschooled because ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. When the McCormick Company invented the ________________________, farmers began to plant more wheat.

4. In the beginning, farmers used horses to pull plows and planters, but today they use a

_______________________________.

5. ________________________ farming replaced the production of wheat when the soil gave out.

6. Mrs. Anna Pickett of Lake Mills ran one of the first ___________________ factories in her home.

7. ________________________ produces more cheese than any other state.

8. Men who work in the forest to harvest trees are called _________________________.

9. The threshing machine was improved by ______________________________________. This caused Wisconsin farmers to plant more wheat.

10. The ______________________________ was a place in northern Wisconsin that supplied trees for the forest industry.

Answers for Chapter Worksheets and Test

Vocabulary Activity 1

1. peck

2. extract

3. mineral

4. teamsters

5. decline

6. market value

7. badgers

Vocabulary Activity 2

1. leased

2. self sufficient

3. cash-crop

4. reaper

5. supply and demand

6. separator

7. pasteurized

8. homogenized

9. homogenized

10. home industry

11. rennet

12. curdles

13. staple

14. mechanical

Match all the facts to the correct person or place.

Stephen Babcockinvented the milk separator and the butterfat test

Studied feeding practices for cows and contributed to the discovery of vitamins

The University of Wisconsin

built a school of agriculture

Offered classes to farmers to help them learn better practices of farming

William Hoardfounded the Wisconsin Dairymens Association

Lumber and Paper

1. economy

2. logjam

3. pinery

4. lumberjack

5. shanties

6. choppers

7. barkers

8. sawmill

9. mortgage

10. shares

Stars of Wisconsins Inventions and Industry

C. Latham SholesWas a newpaper publisher

Invented a typewriter in 1864

Edward P. AllisBought and operated a flour mill, bought the Bay State Iron Manufacturing Co. and built machinery for his flour mill and steam pumps for water systems.

Opened a saw kill machinery plant. One of his employees invented the band saw used by all sawmills.

Jerome I CaseRepaired threshers for a living.

Improved threshing machine and built a factory that became one of the biggest farm machinery companies in the world.

Chapter 7 Test Answers

1. Native Americans

2. because they were needed to help with the labor on the farm.

3. reaper

4. tractor

5. dairy

6. cheese

7. Wisconsin

8. lumberjack

9. Jerome I. Case

10. pinery

Living on a Wisconsin Farm- Answers will vary.

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2007 Wisconsin History Press