LEARNING OBJECTIVE REMARKS

1. Understanding the respiratory process in energy production

2. Analysing the respiratory structures and breathing mechanisms in human and animal

3. Understanding the concept of gaseous exchange across the respiratory surfaces and transport of gaseous in human.

4. Understanding the regulatory mechanism in respiration

5. Realising the importance of maintaining a healthy respiratory system

6. Understanding respiration in plants

THEME : INVESTIGATING THE PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVING THINGS

TOPIC 7.0 : RESPIRATION

7.1 Understanding the respiratory process in energy production

Figure 7.1

1.The above diagram shows an active activity. Energy is needed for contraction and relaxation of the skeletal muscle during this activity. Other than that, what is the necessity of energy to the living organism?

a Cell divisionb Active transportc Synthesis of lipidd Maintaining of body temperature

2. i) Energy produce from the glucose oxidation process based from the equation below. Complete the equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2+6H2O+ENERGY

ii) State the process.

Anaerobic respiration 3. i) During active activity, the skeletal muscle cramps . Why this situation happen?

The excess oxygen is used than the rate of oxygen supplied Anaerobic respiration happen in muscle cell The accumulation of lactic acid to cause muscle tiredness .

ii) What is the mechanisme happen to discover this condition (anaerobic respiration)a. Ventilation rate increase b. The breathing rate increase/panting to get more oxygen and expel of

carbon dioxide.c. Heartbeat rate pumped oxygenated blood to the body cell for oxidize the

accumulated lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water.

4 i) Aaerobic respiration in plant or … yeast fermentation is glucose oxidation without ..oxygen produced… ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy.

Complete the equation below:

ii) C2H5OH …2C2H5OH + 2CO + energy zimase enzyme

Suggestion experiment anaerobic respiration in yeast page 85 practical book.

Comparison between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.Aerobic respiration Aspect Anaerobic respiration1.Need oxygen Presence of oxygen No need oxygen2.Complete Glucose oxidation Not complete3.Water, CO2 and energy Product Animal : lactic acid and

energyPlant : ethanol, CO2 and energy

4. 36 ATP Sum of ATP produced 2ATP. Some of the energy store in lactic acid or ethanol

5.Mitochondrion Location cytoplasm Similarities between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration1.Cell respiration2 oxidation of glucose3 production of energy 4.Catalysed by enzyme

7.2 Analyze the respiration structure and mechanism of breathing in living organism.

Suggestion activityThe adaptive characteristic of respiration surface for gas exchange.

Manila card A Manila card B

i)When all the cylinder in manila card B was opened and combined, it will formed a long manila card. Compare the sum of surface area between card A and B .

……… Surface area of A is larger than B

ii)What is the important for organism has sum of surface area per volume that is big? …… Exchange of gaseous occur efficiently

iii)Relate the total of surface area with the efficiency of respiration gaseous exchange process.

…… Larger the total surface area more efficient the exchange of gaseous on the respiration surface

Diagram 7.2.1The diagram shows the structure of respiration surface in organisms.

i) How the big total surface area per volume in the organisms respiration structure can be achieved ? a. Amoeba : microscopic size can increase the JLP/I

b. Insect : Trachea system that consist of small vessel called tracheal that can increase the JLP/I c. Frog : A lot of blood capillaries under the skin. Lung with 2 air sac with the thin membrane.

d. Human :Numbers of alveolus.(7-9 million of alveoli) e. Fish : Lamellae richly with blood capillaries

Generally the respiratory structures of most organism are :A. Has a large total of surface area .B. Moist surface areaC. One cell thick D. Dense network of blood capillary

iii)The external respiration consist inhalation and exhalation mechanisms. Diagram 7.2.2 A and 7.2.2 B show a rib cage mechanism model for inhalation and exhalation process. Lable the part that represent by the structure below:

Inhalation mechanism

A B

C Diagram 7.2.2Diagram 7.2.2A shows a rib cage and diaphragm muscle during inhalation. Diagram B shows a rib cage model and diagram C shows a rib cage model during inhalation.

Diagram A Diagram B Diagram C External intercostals

muscle contract The rib cage move

upward and curve Diaphragm muscle

contract , diaphragm become flattens .

Volume of air in thoracic cavity increase, air pressure decrease.

High air pressure inhale from outside

AD rubber band elongate B C extend

Rubber sheets represent diaphragm flattens

Balloon expands

Complete this inhalation mechanism in sequence.

Diaphragm muscles contract

Air volume in the thoracic cavity increase

…Pressure of the thoracic cavity is decrease

High atmospheric pressure on the outside forces air into the lung

J K

L

Figure 7.2.2(B)Figure 7.2.2B shows rib cage and diaphragm muscle during exhalation. J shows a rib cage and K shows a rib cage model and L is a model of lungs during exhalation.

Figure J Figure K Figure L External intercostal

muscle relax while internal intercostal muscles contract

Ribs move downwards and inwards

Diaphragm muscle relax and dome shaped.

Air volume of thoracic cavity decreases

Air pressure in thoracic vital increases

High air pressure moves out from the thoracic cavity into the atmosphere

AC rubber band relax and extend

BD rubber band contract and elongate

Diaphragm muscle relax and dome shaped

Balloon contract

Complete the exhalation mechanism below in sequence.

Exhalation Mechanism

Air volume inside the thoracic cavity decreases

Air pressure in the thoracic cavity increases

High pressure inside the lungs forces air out of the lungs

7.1 Analysing the concept of exchange respiration gaseous on respiration surface and transportation in human .

Diagram below shows the exchange of gaseous in the lungs and the blood transportation to the cell. Study the figure below and complete the sequence of transportation process of oxygen and CO2 to the cell.

In alveolus, high partial pressure of oxygen

Oxygen diffuse into the blood capillaries

Oxygen combine with the haemoglobin form oxyhaemoglobin

Oxyhaemoglobin transport to the cells

In cell low partial pressure of oxygen

oxyhaemoglobin breaks down and releases oxygen and haemoglobin

haemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide to form

carbaminohaemoglobin

In blood cappilary near the alveolus wallCarbaminohaemoglobin breaks down tocarbon dioxide….and…haemoglobin

Beside that CO2 is carried to the lungs in form:i) bicarbonate ions (high of carbon dioxide carried to the lung)ii) carbonic acid

The difference between the exchange of the respiration gaseous in alveolus while breathing and across the respiration surface .

The gaseous exchange across the alveolus while breathingin the lung

The gaseous exchange across the surface of the alveolus and blood capillaries

Requires inhalation and exhalation mechanism

Diffusion

The difference of air pressure in the lungs and the environment

The difference partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide / gaseous concentration

Requires breathing mechanism Requires cell respiration/aerobic respiration

7.3 UNDERSTANDING THE REGULATORY MECHANISM IN RESPIRATION (1) Introduction:

*While relaxing, the exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in normal rate.

*When we carrying a vigorous exercise , more oxygen is needed by the body tissues and at the same time , more carbon dioxide is produce.

This situation need to be control , so there is no lack of oxygen in our body. A regulatory mechanism occurs to maintain the concentration of oxygen

and carbon dioxide to the normal level.

(2) Effects of the vigorous exercise to the rate of respiration and the heart beat.

(a) Suggestion activity Reference

Experiment 7. 8 : To study the effects of vigorous exercise on the breathing and heartbeat rates .

Practical book , page 97

(b) Based on the experiment, answer the questions below. (i) What is the relation between the vigorous exercise and the rate of respiration and the heart beat?

The vigorous exercise increases the rate of respiration and the heart beat......................................................................................................................................

(ii) What is the correlation between increasing the rate of respiration and the heart beat with the oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the body?When the rate of respiration and the heart beat increases, the content of oxygen and carbon dioxide also increase.…………………...........................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(3). The relation between rate of respiration with the content of oxygen and carbon doxide in the body.

(a) Fill in the blanks :

Vigorous exercise ----------> the rate of respiration ...increase................

The rate of respiration correlate with ...oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the body..........................

While doing vigorous exercise, the concentration of oxygen in the blood is ....decrease.....because more oxygen is used to the cell respiration to produce more energy.

Instead, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood..increase..............

because of the increasing rate of.....respiration...... .......................... which produce carbon dioxide .........

When the concentration of carbon dioxide .increase............, a

..regulatory mechanism......will occur to increase the rate of breathing. More oxygen is inhaled, send to all parts of the body faster

and carbon dioxide send to the lungs for eliminated.

Figure7.4.1 The regulatory mechanism of oxygen and carbon dioxide content

in the body

The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata of the brain. Central chemoreceptors detected the drop in Ph in blood and the tissue fluid bathing the brain ( cerebrospinal fluid)

Cerebrospinal fluid .

(a) detected the drop of oxygen concentration in blood (b) detected the drop/rise of carbon dioxide concentration (c) detected the changes of pH level in blood

The rate of heartbeat increase

Ventilation rate increase

The breathing rate increase (faster breathing) more oxygen inhaled and more carbon dioxide eliminated

Cemoreceptor in medulla oblongata

Carotid body

Respiratory center

Aortic bodies

Intercostal muscles contract

Carotid artery

Impulse sent

Nerve impulse

diaphragm

(4) The regulatory mechanism of oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the body .

(4.1) Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

(a) During vigorous exercise , the concentration of the carbon dioxide in the blood increases and detected by

Central chemoreceptors.........................................

.peripheral chemoreceptors.................................. (b) The drop of blood pH is dangerous. Then the regulatory mechanism occur to

maintain the pH level.(c) The changes of pH detected by specific cell :

.chemoreceptors.. (sensory cell which sensitive to chemical substances ) located in medulla oblongata.

(d) The changes of oxygen concentration in blood regulated by Peripheral chemoreceptor in aorta. That is ..carotid bodies... and ....aortic bodies..............

(e) Peripheral chemoreceptor is also sensitive to the changes of carbon dioxide and pH in the blood.

4.2 ( a ) What will control the breathing process?

The breathing process is controlled by .....medulla oblongata......( a part of the brain)

The nerve cell is called ....central.chemoreceptors.........in...the medulla

oblongata........,will send the impulse to stimuli intercostals muscles ..and the

diaphram.... to contract .

This reaction causes .......inhalation......and exhalation process.

(b) When we are doing active activity such as swimming, exercise, aerobic, running, hiking and play badminton

The rate of ..respiration increase...

The concentration of carbon dioxide in blood will increase H + ions in the blood

pH rise

CO 2 + H 2O H 2 C O 3 H + + HCO 3- (carbonic acid )

( carbon dioxide dissolved in water and formed to carbonic acid ,and then breaks down to hydrogen ion and carbonate ion.

(c)Breathing regulatory mechanism by central chemoreceptors Complete the figure 8.4.2 below.

Figure 8.4.2(c)

[Note: Ventilation is the gaseous exchange within the blood and air in the alveolus].

(d) Regulation by peripheral chemoreceptorsComplete figure 8.4.3 below.

Rajah 8.4.3

5. Gerak balas6.7.

5.The human respiratory response and rate of respiration in different situations.

Concentration of CO 2 increases from the normal level

CO2 H2O H+ HCO3-

Central chemoreceptor stimulated

Breathing rate and depth increase to eliminate carbon dioxide and to supply more oxygen

Concentration of CO2 become to the normal level

Blood pH

...increase...

nerve impulse

++

+

The concentration of O 2 is lower than normal level.

Peripheral chemoreceptors stimulated(Eg:.....carotid bodies..

Central chemoreceptor stimulated

Heart

Respiration muscles

Rate of heart beat increases

Rate of breathing increases

The concentration of O2 increase to normal level

impulse

(a) While resting: The breathing rate is within the normal range 18 to 20 breaths per minute. The heartbeat rate is between 60 to 70 beats per minute. The normal concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide is normal range

(b) Vigorous exercise: ( swimming ,running, aerobic, hiking and playing badminton)

Energy produced from cell respiration . Glucose oxidation requires oxygen Hence the respiration rate will increase to support

the excessive energy. This causes the breathing rate .....increase......to increase the gaseous exchange rate .More oxygen inhaled and more carbon dioxide is removed from the cell. Heart beat rate .increase and the gaseous exchange .. become faster

to deliver more oxygen and glucose to the cells for oxidation process which produced energy. Carbon dioxide from the cell respiration is deliver more faster to the lungs to eliminates .Hence.breathing rate.... correlate with ..heart beat rate..

(c) Fear Breathing rate ...increase..... to meet the demand of higher .oxygen... inhales. The heart beat rate .increase... so that more oxygen delivered by blood to

the muscles Respiration cell rate .increase... ,supply excessive energy and help man

react in the condition of fearful.... More Adrenalin hormone secretes by the adrenal gland to increase

# breathing rate

# heart beat rate

# increases the blood delivering to the brain # stimulated glycogen convert to glucose

7.5 UNDERSTANDING RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

7.5.1 AEROBIC RESPIRATION

The concentration of Carbon dioxide increase in the body

Think it !

Does the plant have respiration ?. If yes, name the types of respiration? What substances require to the plants respiration? State the name of the respiration gaseous ? How the gaseous diffused to the plant? Why plants need the respiration process?

i. Figure 8.51(a) shows the stem structure in the old plants and figure 8.51(b) shows common structure in the leaf. Both structures included in respiration process . Observe figure 8.51(a) and 8.51(b). Try to define the structure and label it

Figure 8.51 (a) Figure 8.51(b)

Lenticel on the stem. Stomata on the leafii. On figure 8.51(a) and 8.51(b) labels structure X, Y and Z.

Figure 8.52

iii. On figure 8.51(b) and 8.52 draw the arrow with the label to show the pathway of gaseous exchange in a leaf.

RAJAH 8.51

RAJAH 8.51

X

Y ZGuard cell

stomata

lenticel

Cuticleepidermis

key :- the pathway of oxygen diffusion the pathway of carbon dioxide eliminated

FIGURE 8.52 : Shows cross sectional diagram of leaf

Oxygen diffuse through the plants into the cells.

FIGURE 8.53 : A plant cell

iv. Figure 8.53 shows a plant cell. Base on the figure 8.53 suggest how oxygen is used in M organelle?

Nucleus NuCkleus

Organelle MMMMMMMM Vakuole

Palisade mesophyll cell

Air space

chloroplast

In the presence of oxygen, glucose is oxidesed to release energy,carbon dioxide and water

.v State the equation (wording) of the process occurs in the M organelle.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------------- 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

vi. State the uses of the product from that process for plants.

Carbon dioxide and water is the reactants for photosynthesis in the plants.

8.52 AEROBIC RESPIRATION

i. Base on the above statement, explain the inference .

Plants cells do carry out both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

ii. Write down the reaction equation of the process occurs in the root cell in the waterlogged condition.

C6H12O6 ------------- 2C2H5OH + 2 CO2 + energy

7.53 COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION. Sunlight heat

Crops like corn could live several hours in mud. The root of soy beans could live within 30 minutes only in anaerobic condition. Therefore crops like paddy could live in the waterlogged.

Chloroplast Mitochondrion

FIGURE 8.55Figure 8.55 shows photosynthesis and respiration process in chloroplast and mitochondrion .i. Observe figure 8.55 and complete the table and answer the questions below :-

PHOTOSYNTHESIS COMPARISON ASPECT RESPIRATION

Living cell that contains

chloroplast

Cell involved All living cell

chloroplast Organelle involved Mitochondria

yes Chlorophyll requirement no

Carbon dioxide and water Substances requirement oxygen

Presence of light (energy) Energy presence

Heat and ATP produced

Glucose and oxygen Product Energy, carbon dioxide and water

Mass increased Changes of mass Mass decrease

Chemical equation

catabolisme Type of metabolism anabolisme

glucose

photosynthesisproduct

Respiration product

ii. State the similarities between respiration and photosynthesis.

Both process are metabolisme process that occurs in living cell only

iii. What is the necessity of both processes ?

Respiration and photosynthesis are the reverse process .The product of photosynthesis is a substances used for respiration.

7.54 COMPENSATION POINT

i. Carry out the experiment 6.11on page 76 form four practical books published by Baka Prep Sdn Bhd . Write the report and answer the discussion questions on page 77.

FIGURE 8.56

Analyze the graph on figure 8.56. ii. Base on the graph and your practical report , defines the compensation point.

The compensation point is the point that the carbon dioxide release from respiraton is equivalent to that which is taken up during photosynthesis

iii. Elaborate the relationship between light intensity and the compensation point.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Compensation point

Light density

Gas exchange

iv. Predict what will happen to the plants if the photosynthesis and respiration rate always at the compensation point?

Plants didn’t grow up because the chemical energy produced from photosynthesis is used in respiration to produce heat energy and ATP

………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

8.5 CARE AND MAINTAIN EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS

i. You are noticed to collect information and pictures of the diseases relate to the respiration organs. Base on the information ,complete the table below :-

Num Type of diseases and picture

The damaged of respiration

organ

factor Application for caring and

maintain the respiratory

organ

ii. Carry out the experiment 7.9 : The effects of cigarette smoke on lungs on page 99 form four practical book and write the report to enrich your knowledge.

SKEMA JAWAPAN (MALAY VERSION)

7.5 MEMAHAMI PROSES RESPIRASI PADA TUMBUHAN

7.51 RESPIRASI AEROB

Cuba fikirkan !

Adakah tumbuhan berespirasi ?. Jika ya, namakan jenis respirasi yang dilakukan?.

Apakah yang diperlukan oleh tumbuhan untuk berespirasi? Namakan gas-gas respirasi yang terlibat ? Bagaimanakah gas-gas tersebut diperolehi oleh tumbuhan? Mengapakah tumbuhan perlu berespirasi ?

i. RAJAH 8.51(a) menunjukkan struktur yang terdapat pada batang tumbuhan yang tua dan Rajah 8.51(b) menunjukkan struktur yang biasa terdapat pada daun tumbuhan. Kedua-dua struktur ini terlibat dalam proses respirasi. Perhatikan Rajah 8.51(a) dan 8.51(b). Cuba kenali struktur tersebut dan namakan struktur itu.

RAJAH 8.51 (a) Rajah 8.51(b)

Lentisel yang terdapat pada batang tumbuhan Liang stoma pada daun

RAJAH 8.51

RAJAH 8.51

X

Y Z

lentisel

Sel pengawalLiang stoma

ii. Pada Rajah 8.51(a) dan 8.51(b) labelkan struktur X, Y dan Z.

petunjuk :- Arah peresapan masuk gas oksigen Arah peresapan keluar gas CO2

RAJAH 8.52 : Menunjukkan gambarajah keratan rentas daun

iii. Pada Rajah 8.51(b) dan Rajah 8.52 lukiskan anak panah beserta label yang sesuai untuk menunjukkan arah kemasukan dan arah pengeluaran gas-gas respirasi.

Oksigen yang memasuki tumbuhan akhirnya sampai ke sel-sel.

RAJAH 8.53 : Satu Sel Tumbuhan

iv. Rajah 8.53 menunjukkan satu sel tumbuhan. Berdasarkan Rajah 8.53 cadangkan bagaimanakah oksigen digunakan dalam organel M ?

Oksigen mengoksidakan glukosa kepada tenaga ATP dan membebaskan gas karbon dioksida serta air. Proses ini berlaku di dalam organel M ( mitokondria )

v. Tuliskan persamaan tindakbalas bagi proses yang berlaku dalam organel M.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + tenagaGlukosa oksigen karbon air

dioksida

vi. Nyatakan apakah kegunaan hasil dari proses tersebut kepada tumbuhan.

Tenaga hasil daripada proses respirasi dalam tumbuhan digunakan untuk menjalankan pelbagai proses hidup seperti pertumbuhan dan pengangkutan ion mineral secara aktif.

8.52 RESPIRASI ANAEROB

i. Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, terangkan inferens yang boleh anda buat.

nukleus

Organel M

Tanaman seperti jagung boleh hidup beberapa jam dalam tanah berair. Hujung akar kacang soya boleh hidup selama 30 minit sahaja dalam keadaan tanpa oksigen. Walau bagaimana pun tanaman seperti padi hidup dalam keadaan air bertakung.

Sel-sel jagung dan kacang soya tidak dapat menjalankan respirasi anaerob dalam tempoh yang lama menyebabkan ia mati bila terendam lama dalam air. Sel-sel akar padi dapat menjalankan respirasi anaerob dan membebaskan etanol, karbon dioksida dan tenaga.

ii. Tuliskan persamaan tindakbalas bagi proses yang dilakukan oleh sel-sel akar tumbuhan yang tenggelam dalam air tersebut.

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + tenagaGlukosa etanol karbon

Dioksida

8.53 PERBANDINGAN RESPIRASI DENGAN FOTOSINTESIS.

RAJAH 8.55Rajah 8.55 menunjukkan proses fotosintesis dan proses respirasi yang berlaku di dalam kloroplas dan mitokondria.i. Teliti Rajah 8.55 dan lengkapkan jadual perbandingan berikut serta jawab soalan-soalan yang berkaitan:-

FOTOSINTESIS ASPEK PERBANDINGAN RESPIRASI

Sel hidup yang mengandungi kloroplas

Sel yang terlibat Semua sel yang hidup

Kloroplas Organel yang terlibat Mitokondria

Ya Penglibatan klorofil Tidak

Karbon dioksida dan Air Bahan mentah yang digunakan

Oksigen

Tenaga ( cahaya ) digunakan

Penglibatan tenaga Tenaga haba dan ATP di hasilkan

Glukosa dan oksigen Hasil akhir Tenaga, karbon dioksida dan Air

Jisim bertambah Perubahan jisim Jisim berkurang

6CO2 + 6H2O tenagakarbon air dioksida klorofil

C6H12O6 + 6O2 Glukosa oksigen

Persamaan tindak balas C6H12O6 + 6O2 Glukosa oksigen

6CO2 + 6H2O + tenagakarbon airdioksida

Proses sintesis Proses metabolik yang

terlibatProses Penguraian

ii. Nyatakan persamaan antara respirasi dengan fotosintesis.

Kedua-dua respirasi dan fotosintesis adalah proses metabolisme dan berlaku dalam sel-sel yang hidup sahaja.

iii. Apakah keistimewaan kedua-dua proses ini ?

Respirasi dan fotosintesis adalah dua proses yang berlawanan / bertentangan / berbalik. Hasil proses fotosintesis merupakan bahan bagi berlakunya respirasi manakala hasil proses respirasi merupakan bahan mentah untuk fotosintesis.

8.54 TITIK PAMPASAN

i. Jalankan Eksperimen 8.5 dimuka surat 197 buku teks tingkatan 4 terbitan Mutiara Cemerlang. Tulis laporan eksperimen dan jawab soalan-soalan perbincangan yang terdapat pada muka surat 198.

RAJAH 8.56

Kaji graf pada Rajah 8.56. ii. Berdasarkan graf dan laporan amali anda, perihalkan titik pampasan.

Titik Pampasan merupakan titik keseimbangan antara pengambilan karbon dioksida dengan pembebasan karbon dioksida. Pada titik ini semua karbon dioksida yang dibebaskan daripada proses respirasi digunakan untuk proses fotosintesis.

iii. Huraikan hubungan antara keamatan cahaya dengan pencapaian titik pampasan.

Apabila keamatan cahaya meningkat, pertukaran gas karbon dioksida dan oksigen terus berlaku sehingga sampai ke suatu tahap dimana pertukaran gas menjadi sifar.Pada keadaan ini titik pampasan dicapai.

iv. Ramalkan apa akan berlaku kepada tumbuhan sekiranya kadar fotosintesis dan kadar respirasi sentiasa berada pada titik pampasan?

Tumbuhan tidak mengalami pertumbuhan kerana semua tenaga kimia yang terhasil daripada proses fotosintesis digunakan dalam proses respirasi untuk menhasilkan tenaga haba dan ATP.

7.4 MENSYUKURI KURNIAAN ORGAN RESPIRASI

i. Anda dikehendaki mengumpulkan maklumat dan gambar-gambar penyakit yang berkaitan dengan organ-organ respirasi.Berdasarkan maklumat yang telah anda kumpulkan, lengkapkan jadual berikut :-

BIL NAMA / GAMBAR PENYAKIT

BAHAGIAN / ORGAN

RESPIRASI YANG

TERJEJAS

PUNCA AMALAN UNTUK

PENCEGAHAN

1. Kanser peparu Peparu Nikotin dalam tar rokok.3, 4-benzo-α – pirena dalam asap rokok

Jangan merokok

2. Radang tekak Trakea Nitrogen dioksida dalam asap rokok

Jangan merokok

3. Batuk Trakea Kepanasan asap rokok mengeringkan lender dan mucus di dinding farinks dan dan trakea

Jangan merokok

4. Pneumonia Peparu Habuk, kotoran, asap rokok

Beriadah, bersenam ditempat lapang yang berudara segar serta jangan merokok

ii. Jalankan eksperimen 8.6 : Kesan Asap Rokok terhadap Peparu pada muka surat 200 buku teks biologi tingkatan 4 terbitan Mutiara Cemerlang dan buat laporan amali tersebut untuk memperkayakan pengetahuan anda.

CHAPTER 7.0 RESPIRATION ( CONCEPT MAP )

Internal/cellular respiration

RESPIRATION

External respiration

Aerobic respiration

Comparisons between the processes of respiration and photosynthesis

Compensation point

Gaseous exchange

Breathing mechanisms

Respiratory structures

Respiratory adaptations

Transport of gases

Breathing control mechanisms

Yeast

Human muscle

Ethanol,carbon dioxide,energy

Moist respiration surface

Total of surface area

Lactic acid, energy

Thin wall respiration surface

Protozoa

Human

Fish

Frog

Insects

Plasma membrane surface

Lungs

gill

Skin, mouse, lung

Trachea system

Lungs and blood capillaries

Blood capillaries and cell

Peripheral chemoreceptor

Central chemoreceptor

Anaerobic respiration