chapter 7 new
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The Americans Chapter 7TRANSCRIPT
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The New Immigrants
Through the Golden Door19th-20th centuries millions of immigrants am to
the USCame for many reasons
“birds of passage” – immigrants who came temporarily to earn $ and return home.
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Europeans
•1870-1910•20 million came to the U.S.
•Many came to escape religious persecution• increased population
• independence
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Chinese and Japanese
•1851-1883•300,000 Chinese arrived
•Seek fortunes in gold• helped build railroads
• worked farming, mining, and domestic service
• 1882 Chinese immigration was limited by Congress.
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West Indies and Mexico
•1880-1920•260,000
•People from W. Indies came because jobs were scarce.
•Mexicans came because work was scarce and political turmoil at home.
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Life in the New Land
• Immigrants faced new adjustments to a sometimes
unfriendly culture.
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Most traveled by steamshipTrip lasted 1-3 weeksImmigrants were usually crowded below in the cargo holdUsually slept in lice infested bedsDisease spread quicklyMany died on the ship
DIFFICULT JOURNEY
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Processing took 5 or more hours.
- must pass a physical exam.
- - government inspectors checked documents and questioned immigrants
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Ellis Island
• Immigrants had to pass inspection at immigration stations.
• 1st was Castle Garden in NY and later moved to Ellis Island.
17 million immigrants passed through its facilities.http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=7c994a75-4f2c-4579-b4dc-691b55b6d905&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
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Immigrants could not have been convicted of a felony in
the past.
Must be able to work.
Needed to have some money.
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Angel Island
Located on the West Coast
Immigrants processed were mostly Chinese.
1910 – 1940 50,000 immigrants entered the U.S. through Angel Island.
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Immigrants here endured:
Harsh questioning
Long detention in ramshackle
conditions while they waited to see
if they would be admitted or not.
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Competition for Survival
• Many immigrants sought people who:
– shared their cultural values– Practiced their religion– Spoke their native language– They thought of themselves as – Americans
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFgCXqVjfBA&list=PL03082916D172BF33&index=3
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• Immigrants pooled their money together to:– Build churches
• Social clubs• Old people’s homes• Orphanages• Cemeteries• Start newspapers
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Native born people often disliked immigrants and viewed them as a threat to the American
way of life.
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Immigration Restrictions
• Many Americans saw America as a melting pot – mixture of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs.
• Many immigrants did not want to give up their cultures.
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Response to Immigration
Nativism – favoritism to native-born Americans
Gave rise to anti-
immigration
groups.
Led to a demand for immigration restrictions.
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Nativists – considered themselves
superior.
Accepted British, German, and Scandinavian immigrants.
Did not accept
Slavs, Latin, and
Asiatic immigrants.
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• Rejected religious beliefs more than their ethnic backgrounds.
• Did not want Catholics or Jews because they thought they would undermine democratic institutions.
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• 1887 – The American Protective Association was formed.• Anti-Catholic
Many colleges, businesses, and social clubs refused to admit Jews.
• 1897 - Congress passed a bill requiring a literacy test for immigrants.
• Must read 40 or more words in English or in their own language to be admitted.
• President Cleveland vetoed
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Anti-Asian
• 1873- pressure to restrict Asian immigration.• Jobs were scarce• Asians would work for less• 1882- Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act
– Closed immigration for 10 yrs.– Extended in 1892– Finally restricted indefinitely– Not repealed until 1943
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The Gentlemen’s Agreement
• 1906 - Japanese children were segregated and placed in separate schools.– Japan protested the treatment of its emigrants.– Gentlemen’s Agreement- 1907-1908
• Japan agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the U.S. in exchange for desegregation.
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The Challenges of Urbanization
• 1870 – 1920 the urban population changed from 10 million to 54 million.
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Urban Opportunities
• Urbanization – – growth of cities– Mostly regions of the
Northwest and Midwest.
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Immigrants Settle in Cities
• Cities were the cheapest and most convenient place to live.
• Offered unskilled workers steady jobs.
• 1910 – more than ½ the total population of 18 major cities included immigrants.
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Americanization Movement
• Designed to assimilate people to the dominate culture.
• Sponsored by government and by concerned citizens.
• Education was provided to help w/assimilation• Many immigrants still did not want to change• Ethnic communities became overcrowded.
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Migration From Country to City
• New farm equipment = less workers needed• People moved to the city to find work• Many farmers who lost their livelihoods were
African Americans
– 1890-1910 – 200,000 moved north and west
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African-American Migration
• Many moved to escape:– racial violence– economic hardship– political oppression– Segregation– Discrimination
• Found all of these things in the northern cities also.
• Job competition between black and white.
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Urban Problems
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Housing
• 2 options:
– 1. House on outskirts of town.
• Transportation problems
– 2. Rent cramped rooms in a boarding house in central city.
• 2-3 families may live in one house
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5 cent rooms
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Men’s Dwellings
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Women’s Dwellings
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Immigrant Family Dwelling
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Jacob Riis
U.S. journalist and social reformer.
Wrote that the multi-family urban dwellings called tenements, were
overcrowded and unsanitary.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzT8EqhuYxA&feature=related
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Transportation
• Mass transit – transportation systems designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes.
• enabled workers to travel easier.
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1873
San Francisco – 1st street cars were invented.
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Water
• Problem of safe drinking water• NY and Cleveland built water works• 1860’s residents still had inadequately piped
water or none at all.• NY homes seldom had indoor plumbing
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– Residents had to collect water in pails from faucets on the street.
– Water improvements were needed to control cholera and typhoid fever.
• 1870 – filtration of water was introduced.• 1908 – chlorination was introduced.
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Sanitation
• Garbage multiplied in streets.
• Sewage flowed in open gutters.
• Factories spewed smoke• Trash collection was not
dependable.• 1900’s sewer lines were
developed.• Sanitation departments
were created.
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Crime
• Pickpockets and thieves flourished.
• 1844 NY – 1st organized police force.– Too small for much
impact.
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Fire
• Occurred due to lack of water.
• 1870s-1880s – a fire occurred in almost every large American city.
• Causes:– Wood dwellings. Use of
candles, kerosene heaters.
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• Firemen were volunteers and not always available.
• 1853 – Cincinnati, Ohio established the first fire
department.
• 1900s – most cities had them.
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Reformers Mobilize
• The Settlement
House Movement –
Social Gospel
Movement
– Preached salvation
through service to
the poor.
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Settlement Houses
• Community centers established by reformers.
• In slum neighborhoods.• Provided assistance to
people in the area, especially immigrants.
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Many settlement workers lived at the houses so they could learn 1st hand of urbanization problems and help create solutions.
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-Run by college-educated, middle-class women.
-Provided educational, cultural, and social services.
Sent visiting nurses into the homes of the sick.
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1886 -Charles Stover and Stanton Coit founded settlement houses in NY.
1889 – Jane Addams and Ellen Gates founded Chicago’s Hull House.
Jane Addams Hull House
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7mDcgQDY2k4&list=PL03082916D172BF33&index=5http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfqbPW3MDVk&list=PL03082916D172BF33&index=4
1910 – about 400 settlement houses were operating in cities across the country.
Helped cultivate social responsibility toward the urban poor.
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Section 3
Politics in the Guilded Age
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Mark Twain
• Wrote a book called the Guilded Age.
• Describes the glittering exterior of the age, but hides a political core and growing gap between few rich and many poor.
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The Emergence of Political Machines
• Government – inefficient• Cities – rapid growth• Receptive to the political machine
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The Political Machine
• an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city.
• Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.
• Gained control of govts. In Baltimore, NY, San Francisco, and other major cities.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSH1EIvTDGw&list=PL03082916D172BF33&index=8• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSH1EIvTDGw&feature=autoplay&list=PL03082916D172BF33&playnex
t=1
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Elected Candidates
City Boss
Controlled activities of political party throughout
the city.
Ward BossHelped poor
Gained support by doing favors or
providing services Precinct Workerscaptains
Gained voter support of city-block or neighborhood.
Reported to ward boss
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Role of The Political Boss
• Controlled access to municipal jobs and business licenses.
• Influenced courts and other municipal agencies.
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Roscoe Conkling
• NY• Used power to build:
– parks – Sewer systems– Water works
• Gave money to schools, hospitals, and orphanages.
• Could provide government support for
new businesses.
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Immigrants and the Machine
• Many precinct captains and political bosses were 1st or 2nd generation immigrants.
• Few educated beyond grammar school.
• Understood immigrants
• Entered politics at the bottom and worked their way up.
• Helped immigrants w/naturalization, housing, and jobs.
• Immigrants gave them votes in exchange.
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Big Jim PendergastIrish saloonkeeper
Precinct captain -> Democratic city boss in Kansas City by aiding Italian, African American, and Irish workers.
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Municipal Graft and Scandal
• Some turned to fraud• Party faithfuls voted many times using fake
names.• Once the machine candidate was in office, it
could take advantage of graft.– Graft - the illegal use of political influence for
personal gain.
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Advantages of Graft
• Granted favors to businesses in return for cash
• Accepted bribes to allow activities, such as gambling, to flourish.
• Police rarely interfered because they were hired and fired by political bosses.
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Tweed Ring Scandal
• William M. Tweed –– “Boss Tweed”
– Head of Tammany Hall – a NY Democratic political machine.
– Led the Tweed Ring – a group of corrupt politicians that defrauded the city.
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• One scheme involved the construction of the NY courthouse.
– Taxpayers paid $13 million, but the actual cost of construction was $3 million.
– The difference went into the pockets of Tweed and his followers.
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YildL_ilQFY&list=PL03082916D172BF33&index=7
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Thomas Nast
• Political cartoonist
• Helped arouse public outrage against Tammany Hall’s graft and the Tweed Ring
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“A Group of Vultures Waiting for the Storm to ‘Blow Over’—‘Let Us Prey
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• Tweed - was indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion and sentenced to 12 years in jail– His sentence was later reduced to 1 year.
– He was quickly arrested again and escaped from jail.
– He was captured in Spain when officials recognized him from a Thomas Nast cartoon.
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Civil Service Replaces Patronage
• Patronage Spurs Reform –
– Patronage – giving of government jobs to people who helped the candidate get elected
– Reforms began to press for patronage to end• They wanted a merit system for hiring.
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Reform Under Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur
• Rutherford B. Hayes – elected in 1876– Could not get Congress to support reform– Elected independents to his cabinet– Set up a commission to investigate the nation’s
customhouses– As a result of investigation, Hayes fired 2 of NY’s
top officials employed by the customhouse.– Angered Republicans and Roy Conklin and his
Stalwarts.
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• When Hayes decided not to run for re-election a fight broke out at the Republican convention between the Stalwarts and reformers.
• They decided on an independent candidate, James A. Garfield.
• The Republicans nominated Chester A. Arthur for V.P.
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• 7/2/1881 – President Garfield walked through the Washington D. C. train station and was shot two times by a mentally unstable lawyer named Charles Guiteau, whom Garfield had turned down for a job.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6USyilfk6w&feature=related
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• Garfield lived until September 19.
• Chester A. Arthur became president and despite his ties to the Stalwarts, he turned reformer when he became president.– His first message to Congress urged legislators to
pass a civil service law.
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Pendleton Civil Service Act
• 1883• Authorized a bipartisan civil service
commission to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidates’ performance on an exam.
• 1901 – more than 40% of all federal jobs had been classified as a civil service positions.
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Good/Bad
Good – government officials became more honest and efficient.
Bad – politicians turned to other sources for donations.
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Business Buys Influence
• Politicians turned to wealthy businessmen for campaign contributions.
• The alliance between government and business became stronger than ever.
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• Big business– Wanted government to raise tariffs to protect it
from foreign competition.
– Democratic govt. did not want to raise tariffs because they increased prices.
– 1884 – Dem. Won presidential election – Grover Cleveland.
– He tried to lower tariffs, but could not get support from Congress.
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• 1888 – Benjamin Harrison was elected president.– He had about 100,000 less popular votes than
Cleveland, but had the majority of electoral votes.– McKinley Tariff Act – 1890
• Raised tariffs to highest level yet.
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• 1892 – Cleveland was elected again.
– The only president to serve 2 non-consecutive terms.
– He supported a bill for lowering the McKinley tariff, but refused to sign it because it provided for a federal income tax.
– 1894 – The Wilson Gorman Tariff became law without the president’s signature.
– When McKinley became president he raised tariffs once again.