chapter 7 memory. what is memory? memory – internal record of some prior event or experience; a...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 7Memory
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What is MEMORY?
•Memory – internal record of some prior event or experience; a set of mental processes that receives, encodes, stores, organizes, alters, and retrieves information over time
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Video
• Remembering and Forgetting…
–w/ Phil Zimbardo from the “Discovering Psychology” series
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Three Stages of Memory• Stage 1Stage 1 - Sensory Memory is a
brief representation of a stimulus while being processed in the sensory system
• Stage 2Stage 2 - Short-Term Memory (STM) is working memory– Limited capacity (7 items)– Duration is about 30 seconds
• Stage 3Stage 3 - Long-Term Memory (LTM) is large capacity and long duration
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Overview of Memory Model
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Integrated Model Concepts• Encoding – process of
translating info into neural codes (language) that will be retained in memory
• Storage – the process of retaining neural coded info over time
• Retrieval – the process of recovering info from memory storage
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Integrated Model of Memory
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Overview of LTMOverview of LTM
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Varieties of LTMVarieties of LTM• Two types of LTM
– Semantic memory refers to factual information
– Episodic memory refers to autobiographical information as to where and when an event happened
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Organization of LTM
• Retrieval Cue – a clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall and retrieval of a stored piece of information from long-term memory
– 2 types:1.Recognition2.Recall
1.Ziegarnik Effect
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Memory Measures•Recognition is when a
specific cue (face or name) is matched against LTM
•Recall is when a general cue is used to search memory
•Relearning - situation where person learns material a second time. •Quicker to learn material 2nd
time
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Flashbulb Memories
•Where were you when you first heard:– That The WTC had been
crashed into? – That the federal building had
been bombed in Oklahoma City?
– That Princess Diana had been killed in a car wreck?
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Anatomy of Memory
Bilateral damage tothe hippocampus results in anterogradeamnesia (Patient H.M.)
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Anatomy of
MemoryAmygdala: emotional memory and memory consolidationBasal ganglia & cerebellum: memory for skills, habits and CC responsesHippocampus: memory recognition, spatial, episodic memory, laying down new declarative long-term memoriesThalamus, formation of new memories and working memoriesCortical Areas: encoding of factual memories, storage of episodic and semantic memories, skill learning, priming.
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Forgetting
•Forgetting is the inability to recall previously learned information
Forgetting rate is steep just after learning and then becomes a gradual loss of recall
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Serial Position Effect
Recall immediatelyafter learning
Recall several hoursafter learning
Recall from Recall from LTM STM
LTM
Primacy effect – remembering stuff at beginning of list better than middle
Recency Effect – remembering stuff at the end of list better than middle
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Study Strategies
• Distributed practice refers to spacing learning periods in contrast to massed practice in which learning is “crammed” into a single session
• Distributed practice leads to better retention
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Theories of ForgettingTheories of Forgetting• Proactive interference: old
information interferes with recall of new information
• Retroactive interference: new information interferes with recall of old information
• Decay theory: memory trace fades with time
• Motivated forgetting: involves the loss of painful memories (protective memory loss)
• Retrieval failure: the information is still within LTM, but cannot be recalled because the retrieval cue is absent
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Organization of LTM
•Tip-of the tongue phenomenon: person can’t easily recall the item, but shows some recall for its characteristics (“…it begins with the letter ….”)
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AmnesiaAmnesia• Amnesia is forgetting produced by
brain injury or by trauma– Retrograde amnesia refers to problems
with recall of information prior to a trauma
– Anterograde amnesia refers to problems with recall of information after a trauma
Point of Trauma
Retrograde amnesiaAnterograde amnesia
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Issues in MemoryIssues in Memory• Reasons for inaccuracy of
memory:– Source amnesia: attribution of a
memory to the wrong source (e.g. a dream is recalled as an actual event)
– Sleeper effect: a piece of information from an unreliable source is initially discounted, but is recalled after the source has been forgotten
– Misinformation effect: we incorporate outside information into our own memories
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Memory StrategiesMemory Strategies• Mnemonic devices are
strategies to improve memory by organizing information– Method of Loci: ideas are
associated with a place or part of a building
– Peg-Word system: peg words are associated with ideas (e.g. “one is a bun”)
– Word Associations: verbal associations are created for items to be learned