chapter 7 “ionic and metallic bonding” pre-ap chemistry charles page high school stephen l....
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Chapter 7
“Ionic and Metallic Bonding”
Pre-AP Chemistry
Charles Page High School
Stephen L. Cotton
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Section 7.1 - Ions
OBJECTIVES:
–Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative element.
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Section 7.1 - Ions
OBJECTIVES:
–Explain how the octet rule applies to atoms of metallic and nonmetallic elements.
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Section 7.1 - Ions
OBJECTIVES:
–Describe how cations form.
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Section 7.1 - Ions
OBJECTIVES:
–Explain how anions form.
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Valence Electrons are…? The electrons responsible for the
chemical properties of atoms, and are those in the outer energy level.
Valence electrons - The s and p electrons in the outer energy level
–the highest occupied energy level Core electrons – are those in the
energy levels below.
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Keeping Track of Electrons Atoms in the same column...
1) Have the same outer electron configuration.
2) Have the same valence electrons. The number of valence electrons are
easily determined. It is the group number for a representative element
Group 2A: Be, Mg, Ca, etc.
– have 2 valence electrons
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Electron Dot diagrams are… A way of showing & keeping
track of valence electrons. How to write them? Write the symbol - it
represents the nucleus and inner (core) electrons
Put one dot for each valence electron (8 maximum)
They don’t pair up until they have to (Hund’s rule)
X
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The Electron Dot diagram for Nitrogen
Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons to show.
First we write the symbol. NThen add 1 electron at a time to each side.Now they are forced to pair up.
We have now written the electron dot diagram for Nitrogen.
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The Octet Rule In Chapter 6, we learned that noble gases
are unreactive in chemical reactions In 1916, Gilbert Lewis used this fact to
explain why atoms form certain kinds of ions and molecules
The Octet Rule: in forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve a noble gas configuration; 8 in the outer level is stableEach noble gas (except He, which has
2) has 8 electrons in the outer level
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Formation of Cations Metals lose electrons to attain a noble
gas configuration. They make positive ions (cations) If we look at the electron configuration,
it makes sense to lose electrons: Na 1s22s22p63s1 1 valence electron Na1+ 1s22s22p6 This is a noble gas
configuration with 8 electrons in the outer level.
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Electron Dots For Cations Metals will have few valence electrons
(usually 3 or less); calcium has only 2 valence electrons
Ca
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Electron Dots For Cations Metals will have few valence electrons Metals will lose the valence electrons
Ca
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Electron Dots For Cations Metals will have few valence electrons Metals will lose the valence electrons Forming positive ions
Ca2+NO DOTS are now shown for the cation.
This is named the “calcium ion”.
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Ions
> Formation of Cations
The electron configuration of the sodium ion is the same as that of a neon atom.
7.1
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Ions
> Formation of Cations
The sodium atoms in a sodium-vapor lamp ionize to form sodium cations.
7.1
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Ions
> Formation of Cations
Walnuts are a good dietary source of magnesium. Magnesium ions (Mg2+) aid in digestive processes.
7.1
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Ions
> Formation of Cations
Cations of Group 1A elements always have a charge of 1+. Cations of group 2A elements always have a charge of 2+.
7.1
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Ions
> Formation of Cations
A copper atom can ionize to form a 1+ cation (Cu+). By losing its lone 4s electron, copper attains a pseudo noble-gas electron configuration.
7.1
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Electron Dots For CationsLet’s do Scandium, #21The electron configuration is:
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1
Thus, it can lose 2e- (making it 2+), or lose 3e- (making 3+)
Sc = Sc2+ Scandium (II) ion Scandium (III) ion
Sc = Sc3+
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Electron Dots For CationsLet’s do Silver, element #47Predicted configuration is:
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d9
Actual configuration is: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s14d10
Ag = Ag1+ (can’t lose any more, charges of 3+ or greater are uncommon)
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Electron Dots For CationsSilver did the best job it
could, but it did not achieve a true Noble Gas configuration
Instead, it is called a “pseudo-noble gas configuration”
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Electron Configurations: Anions Nonmetals gain electrons to attain
noble gas configuration. They make negative ions (anions) S = 1s22s22p63s23p4 = 6 valence
electrons S2- = 1s22s22p63s23p6 = noble gas
configuration. Halide ions are ions from chlorine or
other halogens that gain electrons
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Electron Dots For Anions Nonmetals will have many valence
electrons (usually 5 or more) They will gain electrons to fill outer shell.
P 3-(This is called the “phosphide ion”, and should show dots)
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Ions
> Formation of Anions
The figure shows the symbols of anions formed by some elements in Groups 5A, 6A, and 7A.
7.1
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Ions
> Formation of Anions
Both a chloride ion and the argon atom have an octet of electrons in their highest occupied energy levels.
7.1
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Ions
> Formation of Anions
The negatively charged ions in seawater—the anions—are mostly chloride ions.
7.1
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Ions
> Formation of Anions
Oxygen is in Group 6A.
7.1
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Stable Electron Configurations All atoms react to try and achieve a
noble gas configuration. Noble gases have 2 s and 6 p electrons. 8 valence electrons = already stable! This is the octet rule (8 in the outer level
is particularly stable).
Ar
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Ions
> Formation of Anions7.1
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Section 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
OBJECTIVES:
–Explain the electrical charge of an ionic compound.
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Section 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
OBJECTIVES:
–Describe three properties of ionic compounds.
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Ionic Bonding Anions and cations are held together
by opposite charges (+ and -) Ionic compounds are called salts. Simplest ratio of elements in an ionic
compound is called the formula unit. The bond is formed through the
transfer of electrons (lose and gain) Electrons are transferred to achieve
noble gas configuration.
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Ionic Compounds
1) Also called SALTS
2) Made from: a CATION with an ANION (or literally from a metal combining with a nonmetal)
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Ionic Bonding
Na ClThe metal (sodium) tends to lose its one electron from the outer level.
The nonmetal (chlorine) needs to gain one more to fill its outer level, and will accept the one electron that sodium is going to lose.
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Ionic Bonding
Na+ Cl -
Note: Remember that NO DOTS are now shown for the cation!
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Ionic Bonding
All the electrons must be accounted for, and each atom will have a noble gas configuration (which is stable).
Ca P
Lets do an example by combining calcium and phosphorus:
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Ionic Bonding
Ca P
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P
Ca
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca P
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca2+ P
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca2+ P
Ca
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca2+ P
Ca
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca2+P
3-
Ca2+
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Ionic Bonding
= Ca3P2Formula Unit
This is a chemical formula, which shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in the smallest representative particle of the substance.
For an ionic compound, the smallest representative particle is called a: Formula Unit
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Properties of Ionic Compounds1. Crystalline solids - a regular repeating
arrangement of ions in the solid: Fig. 7.9, page 197
– Ions are strongly bonded together.– Structure is rigid.
2. High melting points Coordination number- number of ions
of opposite charge surrounding it
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Coordination Numbers:
Both the sodium and chlorine have 6
Both the cesium and chlorine have 8
Each titanium has 6, and each oxygen has 3
NaCl
CsCl
TiO2
Coordination number- Coordination number- number of ions of number of ions of opposite charge opposite charge surrounding itsurrounding it
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Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
> Formation of Ionic Compounds
NaCl is the chemical formula for sodium chloride.
7.2
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Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
> Properties of Ionic Compounds
The orderly arrangement of component ions produces the beauty of crystalline solids.
7.2
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Do they Conduct? Conducting electricity means allowing
charges to move. In a solid, the ions are locked in place. Ionic solids are insulators. When melted, the ions can move around.3. Melted ionic compounds conduct.
– NaCl: must get to about 800 ºC.– Dissolved in water, they also conduct
(free to move in aqueous solutions)
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The ions are free to move when they are molten (or in aqueous solution), and thus they are able to conduct the electric current.
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Section 7.3Bonding in Metals
OBJECTIVES:
–Model the valence electrons of metal atoms.
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Section 7.3Bonding in Metals
OBJECTIVES:
–Describe the arrangement of atoms in a metal.
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Section 7.3Bonding in Metals
OBJECTIVES:
–Explain the importance of alloys.
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Metallic Bonds are…How metal atoms are held
together in the solid.Metals hold on to their valence
electrons very weakly.Think of them as positive ions
(cations) floating in a sea of electrons: Fig. 7.12, p.201
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Sea of Electrons
+ + + ++ + + +
+ + + +
Electrons are free to move through the solid.
Metals conduct electricity.
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Metals are MalleableHammered into shape (bend).Also ductile - drawn into wires.Both malleability and ductility
explained in terms of the mobility of the valence electrons
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1) Ductility 2) Malleability
Due to the mobility of the valence electrons, metals have:
and
Notice that the ionic crystal breaks due to ion repulsion!
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Malleable
+ + + ++ + + +
+ + + +
Force
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Malleable
+ + + +
+ + + ++ + + +
Mobile electrons allow atoms to slide by, sort of like ball bearings in oil.
Force
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Ionic solids are brittle
+ - + -+- +-
+ - + -+- +-
Force
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Ionic solids are brittle
+ - + -
+- +-+ - + -
+- +-
Strong Repulsion breaks a crystal apart, due to similar ions being next to each other.
Force
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Bonding in Metals
> Crystalline Structure of Metals
Metal atoms are arranged in very compact and orderly patterns.
7.3
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Crystalline structure of metal If made of one kind of atom,
metals are among the simplest crystals; very compact & orderly
Note Fig. 7.14, p.202 for types:1. Body-centered cubic:
–every atom (except those on the surface) has 8 neighbors
–Na, K, Fe, Cr, W
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Crystalline structure of metal2. Face-centered cubic:
–every atom has 12 neighbors
–Cu, Ag, Au, Al, Pb
3. Hexagonal close-packed
–every atom also has 12 neighbors
–different pattern due to hexagonal
–Mg, Zn, Cd
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Alloys We use lots of metals every day,
but few are pure metals Alloys are mixtures of 2 or more
elements, at least 1 is a metal made by melting a mixture of the
ingredients, then cooling Brass: an alloy of Cu and Zn Bronze: Cu and Sn
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Why use alloys? Properties are often superior to the pure
element Sterling silver (92.5% Ag, 7.5% Cu) is
harder and more durable than pure Ag, but still soft enough to make jewelry and tablewareSteels are very important alloys
– corrosion resistant, ductility, hardness, toughness, cost
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Slide 71 of 19
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Bonding in Metals
> Alloys
Bicycle frames are often made of titanium alloys that contain aluminum and vanadium.
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Slide 72 of 19
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Bonding in Metals
> Alloys
The most important alloys today are steels. Steels have a wide range of useful properties, such as corrosion resistance, ductility, hardness, and toughness.
7.3
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More about Alloys… Table 7.3, p.203 – lists a few alloys Types? a) substitutional alloy- the
atoms in the components are about the same size
b) interstitial alloy- the atomic sizes quite different; smaller atoms fit into the spaces between larger
“Amalgam”- dental use, contains Hg
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