Chapter 7: Food and Chapter 7: Food and AgricultureAgriculture

Historical InfoHistorical Info

Population estimated to be Population estimated to be malnourished decreased from 900 malnourished decreased from 900 million (1969-1971) to 800 million million (1969-1971) to 800 million (1988-1990)(1988-1990)

Several million lives claimed by famines Several million lives claimed by famines in Soviet Union, Bengal, China, and in Soviet Union, Bengal, China, and most recently in Africamost recently in Africa

Adequate levels of nutrition is most Adequate levels of nutrition is most concerned with the future of agricultureconcerned with the future of agriculture

Obstacles Agriculture Must Obstacles Agriculture Must FaceFace

Little new land cultivating (land per capita is Little new land cultivating (land per capita is declining)declining)

Productive land comes from expense of rain Productive land comes from expense of rain forestsforests

Aquifers are being drawn downAquifers are being drawn down Sites of new irrigation reservoirs are Sites of new irrigation reservoirs are

inconclusiveinconclusive Fertilizer and other chemical use contribute to Fertilizer and other chemical use contribute to

pollutionpollution Fish stocks are fallingFish stocks are falling

Optimistic View on Optimistic View on AgricultureAgriculture

Relied on advanced agricultural technologyRelied on advanced agricultural technology Organization for Economic Cooperation and Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD) forecasts production Development (OECD) forecasts production growth of 1.8 percent through 2010 (about 20% growth of 1.8 percent through 2010 (about 20% a decade), and raise production by 6 timesa decade), and raise production by 6 times

Current debates for food demand in ChinaCurrent debates for food demand in China– rapid industrialization will lead to major growth in rapid industrialization will lead to major growth in

dependence of food importsdependence of food imports– imports by 2030 of 300-640 million metric tons of grain imports by 2030 of 300-640 million metric tons of grain

(grain is still the most basic and important food)(grain is still the most basic and important food)

Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture DynamicsDynamics

Food demand is a function of:Food demand is a function of:– population sizepopulation size– income available to that population through GDPincome available to that population through GDP– share of income spent on foodshare of income spent on food

Supply side consists of processes and Supply side consists of processes and dynamics that seek to satisfy the demanddynamics that seek to satisfy the demand

Prices are the key to almost all production Prices are the key to almost all production loopsloops– help determine whether profits and capital help determine whether profits and capital

investments are madeinvestments are made

Improving ProductivityImproving Productivity

The Consultative Group on International The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) put together Agricultural Research (CGIAR) put together states and international (non) governmental states and international (non) governmental organizations supported by 15 research organizations supported by 15 research centers all over the worldcenters all over the world– contributed to grain productioncontributed to grain production– quintupled global meat production (rising rapidly in quintupled global meat production (rising rapidly in

Asia)Asia) Asia consumes only 14 grams of animal protein per Asia consumes only 14 grams of animal protein per

capita per day compared to 55 grams in Japan and 71 capita per day compared to 55 grams in Japan and 71 grams in U.S.grams in U.S.

Food AidFood Aid

Governments and organizations sometimes Governments and organizations sometimes turn to food aid for countries in special needturn to food aid for countries in special need– reduced deaths in African faminesreduced deaths in African famines

However, political failures such as wars and However, political failures such as wars and breakdowns of civil orders in the Middle East breakdowns of civil orders in the Middle East disrupt food productiondisrupt food production

Therefore, food aid has been used less and Therefore, food aid has been used less and improved technology become more reliantimproved technology become more reliant

FishingFishing

Fish catch is only 5% by weight of the world’s Fish catch is only 5% by weight of the world’s grain production and one-half by weight of grain production and one-half by weight of global meat productionglobal meat production– fishing is a global source of proteinfishing is a global source of protein

Competition among ships from individual Competition among ships from individual countries and global competition within the open countries and global competition within the open ocean result in overfishing and financial lossesocean result in overfishing and financial losses

Fish production is expanding in aquaculture or Fish production is expanding in aquaculture or fish farming especially in Asiafish farming especially in Asia– total production reached 23 million tons in 1996, more total production reached 23 million tons in 1996, more

than doubling in a decadethan doubling in a decade

In Conclusion...In Conclusion...

On-going investigations have begun to On-going investigations have begun to prove that we (population) have a prove that we (population) have a significant effect with respect to foodsignificant effect with respect to food

Food and agriculture is one of many Food and agriculture is one of many examples in which the ultimate goal is examples in which the ultimate goal is facilitation of choice in the face of facilitation of choice in the face of uncertaintyuncertainty

AGDEM[0](USA,Crop)

AGDEM[0](EU,Crop)

AGDEM[0](Japan,Crop)

AGDEM[0](Russia,Crop)

AGDEM[0](India,Crop)

AGDEM[0](China,Crop)

AGDEM[0](Pakistan,Crop)

AGDEM[0](Taiwan,Crop)

AGDEM[0](NorthKorea,Crop)

AGDEM[0](SouthKorea,Crop)

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Year

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500

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1992 2002 2012 2022 2032 2042 2052 2062 2072 2082 2092 21001997 2007 2017 2027 2037 2047 2057 2067 2077 2087 2097

Quiz QuestionsQuiz Questions

1. T F The population estimated to be malnourished 1. T F The population estimated to be malnourished increased from 1969 to 1990.increased from 1969 to 1990.

2. T F Levels of cholesterol is a concern when it comes to 2. T F Levels of cholesterol is a concern when it comes to agriculture.agriculture.

3. Which of the following obstacles does not deal with land?3. Which of the following obstacles does not deal with land?

A. Reservoirs B. Fish stock C. CultivationA. Reservoirs B. Fish stock C. Cultivation

D. Rain forestsD. Rain forests

4. The OECD forecasts a production growth of what % 4. The OECD forecasts a production growth of what % through the year 2010?through the year 2010?

A. 1.5 B. 2.8 C. 8.1 D. 1.8A. 1.5 B. 2.8 C. 8.1 D. 1.8

5. Which of the following is the most basic and important 5. Which of the following is the most basic and important food?food?

Questions cont’dQuestions cont’d

A. Meat B. Bread C. Grain D. FishA. Meat B. Bread C. Grain D. Fish

6. Which of the following is not a function of food demand?6. Which of the following is not a function of food demand?

A. Net Income B. Population size C. Share of income A. Net Income B. Population size C. Share of income spent on food D. Income available through GDPspent on food D. Income available through GDP

7. T F Although Asia’s meat production is rising rapidly, 7. T F Although Asia’s meat production is rising rapidly, the United States consumes the most grams of animal the United States consumes the most grams of animal protein.protein.

8. T F Food aid is becoming more often used than 8. T F Food aid is becoming more often used than technology.technology.

9. Fishing is a global source of:9. Fishing is a global source of:

A. Cholesterol B. Iron C. Protein D. CarbohydratesA. Cholesterol B. Iron C. Protein D. Carbohydrates

10. T F Aquaculture is expanding especially in Europe.10. T F Aquaculture is expanding especially in Europe.