chapter 7 capital cost estimation
DESCRIPTION
cost capital process design chemical engineeringTRANSCRIPT
Capital Cost Estimation
NMSU Chemical EngineeringCh E 452
Outline• Types of estimates• Adjusting costs for changes in capacity• Adjusting costs for changes in time• Total plant cost estimates
– Direct, indirect, etc.– Lang Factors– Module cost approach – Effect of temperature and pressure
• Capcost program
Capital Cost Estimate Types• 1. Order of Magnitude Estimate (Feasibility)
– + 40%, - 20%– BFD , Process Modification
• 2. Study Estimate / Major Equipment– + 30%, - 20%– PFD , Cost Chart
Capital Cost Estimates Types (cont’d)• 3. Preliminary Design (Scope) Estimate
– + 25%, - 15% – PFD , vessel sketches , equip. diagrams
• 4. Definitive (Project Control) Estimate– + 15%, - 7%– PFD , P&ID, all vessel sketches, equip. diagrams, preliminary isometrics
Capital Cost Estimates Types (cont’d)• 5. Detailed (Firm or Contractors) Estimate
– + 6%, - 4%– Everything included – ready to go to construction phase
• Estimate low so actual cost will be high (+)• Estimate high so actual cost will be low (-)• Why is + # > - #.?
Cost of Estimate – See Also Table 7.2
1
23
5
4
Accuracy
Cost of Estimate (Time)
Factored Estimates• Total Plant Capital Cost CTM (Fixed Capital Investment, FCI) can be estimated by a factored estimate. • In a factored estimate, one first estimates the cost of individual pieces of equipment, then estimates the total installed cost by multiplying by factors.
DefinitionsCo
P,i Purchased cost equipment i (base conditions)Fo
BM,i Bare module $ factor (base conditions).Co
BM,i BM equipment cost (base conditions).FBM,I BM factor corrected for not CS 1atmCBM,I Bare module equipment costFM Materials factor (1 for carbon steel)FP Pressure factor (1 for pressure ~1 atm)CTM Total module cost (addition to existing plant)CGR Grass roots cost (new plant, new site)
Estimating Purchased Equipment Cost• Vendor quote
– Most accurate • based on specific information• requires significant engineering
• Use previous cost on similar equipment and scale for time and size– Reasonably accurate
• beware of large extrapolation• beware of foreign currency
• Use cost estimating charts and scale for time– Less accurate– Convenient
Effect of capacity on cost• A equipment cost attribute• C purchased cost• n cost exponent
– typically 0.4-0.8– Often use n = 0.6, then refer to eqn as the 6/10ths rule– 6/10ths rule can be used to scale up an entire process
• a unit with required attribute• b unit with base attribute
Exponents tabulated in numerous sources, such as Perry's Chemical Engineer's HandbookIn general, the larger the equipment, the lower the cost of equipment per unit of capacity
n
b
a
b
a
A
A
C
C
Example 1• A New Plant Ordered a Set of Floating Head Heat Exchangers (Area = 100 m2) cost $92,000. What Would Cost be for a Heat Exchanger for Similar Service if Area = 50 m2 and n = 0.44 ?
Example 1 - Solution
$67,300aC
100 m2 Exchanger is not twice as expensive as a 50 m2 exchanger
Economy of Scale
Effect of Time• Time increases – cost increases (inflation)• Inflation is measured by cost indexes - Figure 7.3
– Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index (CEPCI)– Marshall and Swift Process Industry Index
• Numbers based on “basket of goods” typical for construction of chemical plants - Table 7.5
Effect of time on cost
• I cost index• C purchased cost• 1 base time when cost is known• 2 time when cost is desired
Cost Indicies• Marshall & Swift Equipment Cost Indexes
– all-industry equipment index - arithmetic average of indexes for 47 different types of industrial, commercial, and housing equipment
– based on an index value of 100 for the year 1926– account for cost of machinery and major equipment plus costs for
installation, fixtures, tools, office, and minor equipment• Engineering News-Record Construction Cost Index
– indicates variance in labor rates and materials costs for industrial construction
– one of three basis’ used: 100 for 1913, 1949 or 1967• Nelson-Farrar Refinery Construction Cost Index
– petroleum industry construction costs– basis - 100 for 1946
Marshall & Swift Equipment Cost Index
Marshall & Swift Equipment Cost Index
Chem. Engr. Plant Cost Index (CEPCI)• construction costs for chemical plants• equipment, machinery and supports, 61%; erection and
installation labor, 22%; buildings, materials, and labor, 7%; engineering and supervision, 10%
• major components subdivided as: fabricated equipment, 37%; process machinery, 14%; pipe, valves, and fittings, 20%; process instruments and controls, 7%; pumps and compressors, 7%; electrical equipment and materials, 5%; structural supports, insulation and paint, 10%
• basis - 100 for 1957-1959
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 20100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index from 1950 to 2010
Table 7.5: The Basis for the Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index
Components of Index Weighting of Component (%)
Equipment, Machinery and Supports:(a) Fabricated Equipment(b) Process Machinery(c) Pipe, Valves, and Fittings(d) Process Instruments and Controls(e) Pumps and Compressors(f) Electrical Equipment and Materials (g) Structural Supports, Insulation, Paint
371420
775
10100 61 % of total
Erection and Installation Labor 22
Buildings, Materials, and Labor 7
Engineering and Supervision 10
Total 100
Example 2• Cost of vessel in 1993 was 25,000, what is estimated cost today?
359551
000,25II
CC1993
now1993now
Example 3 - Accounting for Time and Size• 2 heat exchangers, 1 bought in 1990 and the other in 1995 for the same service
A BArea = 70 m2 130 m2 Time= 1990 1995Cost = 17 K 24 K I = 358 381
Example 3 (cont’d)• What is the Cost of a 80 m2 Heat Exchanger Today ?
• Must First Bring Costs to a Common Time
A = 70
B = 130 26
358551
172010CA
37381551
242010CB
Example 3 (cont’d)
1.288031.2C 57.0
57.0
70log130log26log37log
n
31.270
26AC
K 57.0n
n
n
n
130K37
70K26
KAC
Total Cost of Plant• Purchased cost – equipment f.o.b.
– f.o.b. – freight (free) on board• commonly used when shipping goods to indicate who pays loading and transportation costs, and/or the point at which the responsibility of the goods transfers from shipper to buyer
• Installed cost – Often 3 to 8 times larger than purchased cost
Installed Equipment Cost (Table 7.6)• 1. Direct Project Expenses
– Equipment – Material for installation – Labor for installation
• 2. Indirect Project Expenses– Freight, insurance, and taxes– Construction overhead– Contractor engineering expenses
Installed Equipment Cost (cont’d)• Contingency and Fee
– Contingency– Contractor fee
• Auxiliary Facilities– Site development– Auxiliary buildings– Off-sites and utilities
Equipment Costs
• Purchased cost Cpo is typically estimated by an
equation of form:
– where Ki are a series of constants associated with the type of equipment being costed, and
– A is the capacity (independent variable) of the unit
• Cpo is the base condition cost (i.e., for carbon steel at
atmospheric condition)
21031021op10 AlogKAlogKKClog
Equipment CostsHeat Exchanger K1 K2 K3
Fixed tube, sheet, or U tube 4.3247 -0.303 0.1634
Floating Head 4.8306 -0.8509 0.3187
Bayonet 4.2768 -0.0495 0.1431
Kettle Reboiler 4.4646 -0.5277 0.3955
100 1000 1000010000
100000
1000000
10000000fixed tube sheet
floating head
bayonet
kettle reboiler
exchanger area (sq ft) (capacity, A)
cost
, U.S
. $
K values taken from the CAPCOST® program
Module Costing Technique
• The bare module cost CBM is the sum of the direct and indirect costs associated with equipment purchase and installation.
• The bare module cost CBM can be found from the expression:
CBM = CP° FBM° = CP°(B1 + B2FMFp)– CP° is the purchased cost of the base condition (most common material,
usually carbon steel, operating at ambient pressure)– FBM° is a multiplicative factor called the bare module cost factor that adjusts for
all of the previously discussed costs, as well as for specific materials of construction (FM) and for actual operating pressures (Fp).
– B1 and B2 are factors that are dependent on equipment-type.
– The superscript ° is used to denote base condition factor (i.e, carbon steel and ambient pressure operation).
Pressure Factors• A pressure factor Fp,vessel for a vessel of diameter D and
operating at pressure P (in units of bar) is based the ASME code for pressure vessels.
• Assuming a maximum allowable carbon steel stress of 944 bar, a 90% weld efficiency, a minimum allowable vessel thickness of ¼", and a corrosion allowance of ⅛"
• For pressures below -0.5 barg, Fp,vessel = 1.25
• For all other process equipment,
0063.0
00315.01P6.08502
D1P
F vessel,p
21031021p10 PlogCPlogCCFlog
Module Factor Approach – Pressure Factors
Figure 7.6 Pressure Factors for Carbon Steel Vessels
Module Factor Approach – Pressure Factors
Material Factors
material FM .
carbon steel 1.0
stainless steel clad 1.7
stainless steel 3.1
nickel clad 3.6
nickel 7.1
titanium clad 4.7
titanium 9.4
Direct Project Expenses
CDE = CP° + CM + CL
CDE = CP° (1 + M)(1 + L)• Equipment f.o.b. cost CP°
– purchased cost of equipment at manufacturer's site (free on board)
• Materials required for installation CM = M CP° – includes all piping, insulation and fire proofing, foundations and structural
supports, instrumentation and electrical, and painting associated with the equipment.
• labor to install equipment & mat'l CL = L (CP° + CM) = CP° L (1 + M)– all labor associated with installing the equipment and materials
Indirect Project Expenses
CIDE = CFIT + CO + CE
CIDE = CP° (1 + M) (FIT + L O + E)
• Freight, insurance, taxes CFIT = FIT (C0 + CM)
– includes all costs for shipping equipment and materials to the plant site
• Construction overhead CO = O CL – includes fringe benefits, sick leave, vacation; labor burden such as social
security and unemployment insurance, etc.; and salaries and overhead for supervisory personnel
• Contractor engineering expense CE = E (CP° + CM)– includes salaries and overhead for engineering, drafting, and project
management personnel
Bare Module Cost
• Substitution and collection of like terms:
CBM° = CIDE + CDE
CBM° = CP° (1 + M) (1 + L + FIT + L O + E)
• Sum of Direct and Indirect costs for a process unit
Contingency and Fee• A contingency factor covers unforeseen
circumstances (15% for well understood systems) CCont = aContCBM°
= CP° (1 + aM) (1 + aL + aFIT + aLaO + aE)aCont
• Contractor Fee (typically assumed to be 3%) CFee = aFeeCBM°
= CP° (1 + aM) (1 + aL + aFIT + aLaO + aE)aFee
Total Module Cost
• Total cost for purchase and installation of a process unit, CTM
CTM = CBM° + CCont + CFee
CTM = CP° FBM + CP° aCont + CP° aFee
CTM = CP° (1 + aM)(1 + aL + aFIT + aLaO + aE)(1 +aFee + aCont)
Bare Module Cost for nonbase conditions
• Pressure Factors (FP) – calculated from expression specific to type of vessel (see Appendix A)
• Materials of Construction Factors (FM) – simple mutiplicative factor based on relative cost of material to base case material– Carbon steel (base case)– Low-alloy steel (low/moderate)– Stainless steel, Aluminium and Copper and their alloys (moderate)– Titanium and Nickel and their alloys (high)
CBM = CP° FP FM = CP° [FP FM (1+fP&I)+FBM°-1-fP&I]where fP&I represents fraction of installation associated with piping and instrumentation
Grass Roots Cost (new site)• Includes costs for site development, auxiliary
buildings, and off-sites and utilities. Such facilities depend typically on materials of construction and/or operating pressure, and can range from 20 to 100% of the base module cost. A value of 50% is a good starting point to assume.
CGR = CTM + 0.5 CBM,i°summation is performed over all n process units in the design
CAPCOST®• CAPCOST® is a Microsoft Excel program for estimating bare module, total module, and grass roots costs of complex chemical plants.
Lang Factors• Table 7.7• Use multiplier depending on type of plant to escalate equipment costs to installed costs• Flang = 4.74 Fluid processing plant
= 3.63 Solid-Fluid processing plant = 3.10 Solid processing plant
Lang Factors (cont’d)
n
ipiLangTM CFC
1
Purchased Cost of Major EquipmentFrom Preliminary PFD
(Pumps, Compressors, vessels, etc.)
Total Module Cost