6.1: Types of Nutrition

6.2: Balanced Diet

6.3: Malnutrition

6.4:Digestion Process

6.5:Process of Absorption & Assimilation

CHAPTER 6

6.6: Formation of Faeces & Defecation 6.7: Good Eating Habits 6.8:Importance of a Healthy Digestive System 6.9: Importance of Macronutrient & Micronutrient

in Plant 6.10: Photosynthesis 6.11:Mechanism of Photosynthesis 6.12: The Factors Affecting Photosynthesis 6.13:Technology used in Food Production 6.14: Food Processing Technology

6.1 Types Of Nutrition

AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS

Def: consist of classes of food – Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Roughage and Water.

6 factors affecting daily E requirement

AGE

SEX

OCCUPATION

CLIMATE

PREGNANCY &

LACTATION SIZE OR BODY WEIGHT

P L Puan LelaAG Ambil Getah O Oren pakai S Sanggul S Silang yg C Comel

P L Puan LelaAG Ambil Getah O Oren pakai S Sanggul S Silang yg C Comel

6.2

VITAMINS Fat-Soluble A, D, E , K

stored in body fat Water-soluble B n C

cannot stored in the body

supplied in the daily diet

Sources, f(x) & effects

A

D

E

K

B1

B2

B6

Ascorbic Acid

Folic Acid

Lack of ???

Khagendra - Nepal

Symptoms of DeficiencyVitamin / Mineral Causes

D / Calcium / Phosphorus

-Rickets -Osteomalacia-Osteoporosis

B6 / Magnesium -Retarded growth

E / K / Iron -Anaemia

B5 / Sodium (Na)/chlorine (Cl) ~NaCl

-Muscle cramps-Fatigue

B1 / Potassium -Beri-beri-Muscular weakness

Sulphur -Symptoms of protein deficiency

Fluorine -Tooth decay

Iodine -Goitre

Roughage or dietary fibre

Unbalanced diet causes..6.3

-Insufficient proteins -Flaky skin, thin muscles, thin hair-Sweeling of the body ~ retention of fluid in tissues ~ stomach-Stunted/retarded growth

Kwashiorkor

Marasmus

-Occurs in children aged btw 9 & 12-Drastic loss of body weight -Effects : very thin + wrinkled skin

Excessive intake of..

CARBOHYDRATES

PROTEINS LIPIDS

- Cardiovascular disease- High blood pressure- Atherosclerosis ~ stroke & brain haemorrhage- D.M- cancers

-Increase URIC ACID content in blood

-Cardiovascular diseases- Atherosclerosis- heart attack-Hypertension / HBP

Excessive intake of…MINERALS EFFECTS

- Na & Ca - Kidney stones

- Fe (iron) - Kidney damage

VITAMINS

EFFECTS

A - Hair loss, vomiting, bone ache, joint pain, liver & bone damage

B6 - Numb feet, poor coordination

B3 -Flushed face and hands- Liver damage

C - Gastrointestinal upset

D -Calcification of soft tissues

E -Kidney damage

K - Liver damage & anaemia

Starch + water

6.4 FOOD DIGESTION1. Digestion in the MOUTH

maltose

secrete

chewing

triggers

rolled into

enters

(by peristalsis)# epiglottis

Digestion in mouth

Digestion in Stomach

- pH 1.5 – 2.0- Stops the xtvt of amylase- Kill bact. In food

Protein + water Polypeptides

Caseinogen + water Casein

Digestion in duodenum

Starch + water maltose

Polypeptide + water peptides

Lipid droplets + water glycerol + FA

Pancreatic amylase

trypsin

lipase

Digestion in small intestine

• Intestinal juice – digestive enzymes • F(x) – digest of peptides & dissaccharides 1) Protein digestion• Peptides + water amino acids

2) Carbohydrates digestion ( Ma La S )

• Maltose + water glucose

• Sucrose + water glu + fructose

• Lactose + water glu + galactose

erepsin

maltase

sucrase

lactase

Digestive System of Ruminants

1.1.

22

44

33

How its work??

1.RUMEN- Largest compartment- Cellulose broken down by cellulase (bact & protozoa)

2.RETICULUM- Further hydrolysis- CUD – its content- Regurgitated bit by bit- Soften & break down cellulose

mouth 3.OMASUM-Reswallowed cud-Large small particles by peristalsis-Water is removed

4. ABOMASUM-True stomach- gastric juices – protein & other F

Small intestine

Lembu Makan R – RumputR – Redah O – Onak dan A – Air Busuk

Lembu Makan R – RumputR – Redah O – Onak dan A – Air Busuk

RodentsCellulose digested by cellulase-producing bact

Cellulose digested by cellulase-producing bact

Digestive System-Faeces 1st batch- soft & watery

-2nd batch faeces – drier & harder

-Caecum & appendix = enlarged to store cellulase-producing bact- products pass thru alimentary canal = TWICE

Comparison of cellulose digestion process in human,

ruminant & rodentSimilarities1)2)

Differences

Aspect Human Ruminant Rodent

Stomach chambers

Cellulase producing bact

Food passes thru alimen. canal

Gastric juice is produced at

Size of caecum

Undigested cellulose

Problems related to food digestion

Incomplete digestion

Lack of digestive enzymes

Gallstones

6.5 Absorption & Assimilation

• Illeum – major site of nutrient absorption

Villusepithelium

lacteal

Capillary network

epithelial cells

Villi – plural of villusVilli – plural of villus

The Villi

1. Numerous in number2. Thin-walled ( one-cell thick)3. Network of blood capillaries4. Lacteal – special structures

Absorption of digested food1) Glucose & Amino acids- from lumen into the epithelial cells by facilitated

diffusion- remaining nutrients – by active transport- from epithelial cells – absorbed into the

bloodstream thru the blood capillaries in the villi- converge into the hepartic portal vein- Then transported to all parts of the body

Lumen(glu & a.a)

facilitateddiffusion

Epithelial cells

bloodstream

Hepartic portal vein

blood

capillaries

all parts of the body

2) Water

Lumen epithelial cells blood capillaries

3) Water-soluble vitamins

Epithelial cells blood capillaries

3) Fatty acids & glycerol

Epithelial cells (tiny droplets) lacteals lympatic system

Right lymphatic duct

Thoracic duct

Bloodstream Subclavian

veins

ASSIMILATION• Definition- the conversion of nutrient into the fluid or solid

substance of the body, by the processes of digestion and absorption

- occurs in the LIVER and the CELLS

Assimilation in the LIVER• 7 Functions of the LIVER

1) Regulation of blood glucose concentration

2) Production of bile

3) Protein synthesis

4) Iron storage

5) Deamination of amino acids

6) Detoxification

7) Heat production

Assimilation in the LIVER

synthesisconverts glucose

excess

DEAMINATION

urea

kidney

Assimilation in the CELLS

AMINO ACIDS GLUCOSE

AMINO ACIDSLIPIDS

• new protoplasm• repair of damaged tissues• Synthesis of hormones & enzymes• Synthesis of ptns of PM

• Phospholipids & cholesterol• fats – stored in adipose tissue – reserve E

• release E during cellular respiration• E for chem. process i.e muscle contraction & synthesis of ptns.•Excess = Glycogen in muscles

Formation of Faeces

• Contents of intestinal:

1) Mixture of water

2) Undigested food substances

3) Dead cells

4) Dead bacteria

5) Indigestible fibre (cellulose)• Colon- large intestinal- Reabsorbs almost 90% of water & minerals into the

bloodstream

• Contents of Faeces:

1) indigestible residue of food

2) dead cells shed from the intestinal lining & bile pigments & toxic subtances – eliminated from the body

3) binds to the mucus that secreted by the colon’s wall and lubricates the movement of faeces along the colon

Defaecation

• How it’s work??- the elimination of faeces- controlled by muscles around the anus, the opening

of the rectum- When rectum is full, the muscles of the rectal wall

contract to eject the faeces via the anus

Rectum

The process of defecation (thru anus)

Colon

6.7 Evaluating Eating Habits

Bad Eating Habits

Gastritis

Anorexia nervosa Bulimia

Obesity

6.8 The Importance Of A Healthy Digestive System

6.9 The Importance Of Macronutrient &

Micronutrient in Plant

6.10 Photosynthesis

Leaf Structure and function

Cross section

1) CUTICLE