“In The Name Of Allah Who Is Most Bonteous And Merciful”

Assignment On“The Sound Patterns

of Language”Presented To:

Ms. SaimaPresented By:

M Haseeb.M.A Eng 2nd

Phonology

• Phonology is the scientific study of the sound system and patterns of a language.

• It is based on a theory of what every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about sound patterns of that language.

• Provide examples..

cont.,

• We think of the [t] sound in the following words to be the same:

- tar - star

- writer- eighth

Phonemes Phonemes: The minimal meaningful speech sound

of unit.A phoneme is the minimal distinctive

Phonemes are written between slashes e.g. /t/ Phonemes function contrastively e.g. /f/ and /v/ fat vat

fine vine

Phones and allophones Phones are: phonetic units and appear

in square brackets. We can have several versions of one

phoneme. These are allophones of one phoneme.

e.g. /t/ 1 phone [tʰ] tar

phoneme 1 phone [ ] writer

1phone [ ] eighth

Allophones

Minimal pairs and sets

How do we test phonemes? We test phonemes by pairs and sets of words.

Minimal pair: When two words are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme occurring in the same position, then the two words are described a minimal pair.

e.g. bat vs. fat bat vs. bet

Minimal sets: When a group of words can be differentiated by changing one phoneme in the same position in the word, then we have a minimal set. e.g. feat

fit fat fate

foot

Phonotactics

The Scientific study of Speech sound of a language in general is phonatics.

Phonotactics are the permitted arrangements of sounds in a a language are part of the every speaker’s phonological knowledge.

Accidental gaps in the vocabulary of english……

Syllables and Clusters

When describing syllables: C = consonant V = vowel

Syllable: is a unit of pronunciation typically larger than a single sound and smaller than a word.

Syllable

CVC /ka:d/ card

CV /ka:/ car

VC /Iz/ Is

V /a/: Are

Consider the following example:

cont.,

syllables

open syllables closed syllables

Syllables which end syllables which in a vowel and end in a coda no coda ‘consonants’

cont.,

Consonant clusters: both the onset and the coda can

consist of more than one consonant

e.g. green (CCVC) street (CCCVC) post (CVCC)

Co-articulation effects

The process of making one sound almost at the same time as the next is called co-articulation.

We have been describing the production of speech in slow motion.

On the contrary, our speech is fast and spontaneous.

Our articulators move very quickly from one sound to another without stopping.

Assimilation

Assimilation occurs when two sounds occur in sequence and some aspect of one segment is taken or ‘copied’ by the other.

Examples of Assimilation: 1. Vowel nasalization: as in pin or pan. 2. Velarization: as in I can go.3. Vowel reduction: you and me.

Progressive Assimilation If the phoneme changes to match the preceding phoneme, it

is progressive assimilation. Regressive Assimilation If the phoneme changes to match the following phoneme, it is

regressive assimilation. Reciprocal Assimilation If there is a mutual influence between the two

phonemes, it is reciprocal assimilation. Consonant Assimilation

In the case the two phonemes can fuse completely and give a birth to a different one. This is called a coalescence. The result of consonant assimilation is usually a geminate

consonant.

Elision

Elision is the process of not pronouncing a sound segment that might be present in the deliberately careful pronunciation.

Examples of elision: 1. You and me2. Friendship3. aspects

Conclusion:

We have studied about thePhonology PhonemesPhones & AllophonesMinimal pairs & SetsPhonotecticsSyllables & ClustersCo-articulationsAssimilation & Elision