Chapter 6Chapter 6

Sections 2 - 3Sections 2 - 3

The Revolution moves to the Middle Colonies

The Revolution moves to the Middle Colonies

Most of the Revolutionary War was being fought in the New England colonies.

By noon, in late June 1776, a British fleet had arrived in New York.

This arrival marked a new stage of the American Revolution.

In mid-1776, the heavy fighting shifted to the Middle States where the Continental Army suffered through the worst days of the war.

Most of the Revolutionary War was being fought in the New England colonies.

By noon, in late June 1776, a British fleet had arrived in New York.

This arrival marked a new stage of the American Revolution.

In mid-1776, the heavy fighting shifted to the Middle States where the Continental Army suffered through the worst days of the war.

Attack and RetreatAttack and Retreat

Washington expected Howe’s attack.He led his troops from Boston to

Brooklyn on Long Island.Washington’s troops were no match for

the British. Howe had 34,000 well-trained troops and 10,000 sailors, as well as ships to ferry them ashore.

Washington had fewer than 20,000 poorly trained troops and no navy.

Washington expected Howe’s attack.He led his troops from Boston to

Brooklyn on Long Island.Washington’s troops were no match for

the British. Howe had 34,000 well-trained troops and 10,000 sailors, as well as ships to ferry them ashore.

Washington had fewer than 20,000 poorly trained troops and no navy.

The Battle of Long IslandThe Battle of Long IslandIn August, Howe’s army pushed ashore

on Long Island.The British drove Washington’s troops

out of Brooklyn.More than 1,400 Americans were killed,

wounded, or captured.The rest retreated to Manhattan.The following month Washington had to

abandon New York City.The British pursued the Americans north

to White Plains, then west and south across New Jersey.

In August, Howe’s army pushed ashore on Long Island.

The British drove Washington’s troops out of Brooklyn.

More than 1,400 Americans were killed, wounded, or captured.

The rest retreated to Manhattan.The following month Washington had to

abandon New York City.The British pursued the Americans north

to White Plains, then west and south across New Jersey.

Nathan HaleNathan Hale

Nathan Hale, a young Connecticut officer, slipped behind British lines in order to get information for Washington.

He was soon captured by the British and condemned to death.

He is known to have said “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”

Nathan Hale, a young Connecticut officer, slipped behind British lines in order to get information for Washington.

He was soon captured by the British and condemned to death.

He is known to have said “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”

Crossing The DelawareCrossing The DelawareGeneral Washington decided to make a

surprise attack on Trenton.On Christmas night, Washington secretly

led his troops across the icy Delaware river.

Early on December 26, the Americans surprised the Hessian troops guarding Trenton and took most of them prisoner.

The Hessians were among thousands of German mercenaries who were fighting for the British.

A mercenary is someone who is paid to fight for a country other than their own.

General Washington decided to make a surprise attack on Trenton.

On Christmas night, Washington secretly led his troops across the icy Delaware river.

Early on December 26, the Americans surprised the Hessian troops guarding Trenton and took most of them prisoner.

The Hessians were among thousands of German mercenaries who were fighting for the British.

A mercenary is someone who is paid to fight for a country other than their own.

Attack of PrincetonAttack of Princeton

British General Charles Cornwallis set out to retake Trenton and capture Washington.

On January 2, 1777, Cornwallis saw the lights of Washington’s campfires.

He was sure he would capture Washington.Washington fooled Cornwallis. He left the

fires burning and slipped behind British lines to attack Princeton.

There the Continental Army won another victory.

British General Charles Cornwallis set out to retake Trenton and capture Washington.

On January 2, 1777, Cornwallis saw the lights of Washington’s campfires.

He was sure he would capture Washington.Washington fooled Cornwallis. He left the

fires burning and slipped behind British lines to attack Princeton.

There the Continental Army won another victory.

Battle of SaratogaBattle of Saratoga

General John Burgoyne wanted three armies of British soldiers to march to Albany from different directions.

However only Burgoyne’s army was able to go. Burgoyne’s army moved slow because they had many heavy

baggage carts and the Americans had cut down trees to block the route and dammed up streams to create swampy bogs.

A the village of Saratoga, the Green Mountain Boys helped the American forces and were successful in surrounding the British.

Burgoyne surrendered his army to the Americans on October 17, 1777.

The Battle of Saratoga is known as the turning point in the Revolutionary War.

General John Burgoyne wanted three armies of British soldiers to march to Albany from different directions.

However only Burgoyne’s army was able to go. Burgoyne’s army moved slow because they had many heavy

baggage carts and the Americans had cut down trees to block the route and dammed up streams to create swampy bogs.

A the village of Saratoga, the Green Mountain Boys helped the American forces and were successful in surrounding the British.

Burgoyne surrendered his army to the Americans on October 17, 1777.

The Battle of Saratoga is known as the turning point in the Revolutionary War.

Valley ForgeValley Forge

During the winter of 1777-1778, the Continental Army suffered severe hardships in Pennsylvania.

American soldiers shivered in damp, drafty huts. Many slept on the frozen ground. They had little or no warm clothing. Some soldiers stood guard wrapped in blankets. Many soldiers had no shoes. As the bitter winter wore on, soldiers suffered from

frost bite and disease.

During the winter of 1777-1778, the Continental Army suffered severe hardships in Pennsylvania.

American soldiers shivered in damp, drafty huts. Many slept on the frozen ground. They had little or no warm clothing. Some soldiers stood guard wrapped in blankets. Many soldiers had no shoes. As the bitter winter wore on, soldiers suffered from

frost bite and disease.

Americans Helped the Soldiers

Americans Helped the Soldiers

When the Americans heard about the conditions at Valley Forge, they sent help.

Women collected food, medicine, warm clothes, and ammunition for the army.

They raised money for supplies.Some women, Martha Washington, went

to Valley Forge to help the sick and wounded.

When the Americans heard about the conditions at Valley Forge, they sent help.

Women collected food, medicine, warm clothes, and ammunition for the army.

They raised money for supplies.Some women, Martha Washington, went

to Valley Forge to help the sick and wounded.

Help from AbroadHelp from Abroad

Throughout the war, volunteers from Europe arrived in America to join the American cause.

The Marquis de Lafayette, a young French noble, brought trained soldiers to the United States.

Friedrich von Steuben from Prussia helped train Continental troops.

Two Polish officers joined the Americans. Thaddeus Kosciusko, an engineer, helped build forts and Casimir Pulaski trained cavalry or troops on horseback.

Although Spain was neutral, Bernardo de Galvez, governor of Spanish Louisiana, secretly sent medicine, cloth, muskets, and gunpowder to the Americans.

Throughout the war, volunteers from Europe arrived in America to join the American cause.

The Marquis de Lafayette, a young French noble, brought trained soldiers to the United States.

Friedrich von Steuben from Prussia helped train Continental troops.

Two Polish officers joined the Americans. Thaddeus Kosciusko, an engineer, helped build forts and Casimir Pulaski trained cavalry or troops on horseback.

Although Spain was neutral, Bernardo de Galvez, governor of Spanish Louisiana, secretly sent medicine, cloth, muskets, and gunpowder to the Americans.

The War WidensThe War Widens

Section 3Section 3

Native AmericansNative Americans

When the Revolution began, most Native Americans tried to stay neutral.

As the war spread, some Native Americans began to take sides.

The Six Nations of the Iroquois were divided, although most helped the British.

When the Revolution began, most Native Americans tried to stay neutral.

As the war spread, some Native Americans began to take sides.

The Six Nations of the Iroquois were divided, although most helped the British.

Native Americans cont.Native Americans cont.In Massachusetts, the Algonquins

supported the Patriots.In the West, many Native Americans

joined the British to protect their lands from American settlers.

In Tennessee, most Cherokees, at first neutral, supported the Patriots.

Nancy Ward a Cherokee leader, warned American settlers of an attack of a small Cherokee group. The settlers responded by attacking all Cherokees which led them to join the British.

In Massachusetts, the Algonquins supported the Patriots.

In the West, many Native Americans joined the British to protect their lands from American settlers.

In Tennessee, most Cherokees, at first neutral, supported the Patriots.

Nancy Ward a Cherokee leader, warned American settlers of an attack of a small Cherokee group. The settlers responded by attacking all Cherokees which led them to join the British.

African Americans in the Battle of Freedom

African Americans in the Battle of Freedom

When the Revolution began, more than a half million African Americans lived in the colonies.

At first, the Continental Congress refused to let African Americans, whether free or enslaved, join the army.

The British offered freedom to any male slave who served the king.

In response, Washington changed his policy and allowed free African Americans to enlist.

When the Revolution began, more than a half million African Americans lived in the colonies.

At first, the Continental Congress refused to let African Americans, whether free or enslaved, join the army.

The British offered freedom to any male slave who served the king.

In response, Washington changed his policy and allowed free African Americans to enlist.

“All men are created equal.”

“All men are created equal.”

African American Patriots hoped that the Revolution would bring an end to slavery.

After all, the Declaration of Independence proclaimed that “all men are created equal.”

By the 1770’s, slavery was declining in the North, where a number of free African Americans lived.

During the Revolution, several states moved to outlaw slavery, including Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania.

African American Patriots hoped that the Revolution would bring an end to slavery.

After all, the Declaration of Independence proclaimed that “all men are created equal.”

By the 1770’s, slavery was declining in the North, where a number of free African Americans lived.

During the Revolution, several states moved to outlaw slavery, including Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania.

Women in the WarWomen in the War

Women also helped in the struggle for independence.

When men went off to war, women took on added work.

They planted and harvested the crops that fed the Continental Army.

Women made shoes, wove cloth for blankets and uniforms.

Betsy Ross of Philadelphia sewed flags for Washington’s army.

Women also helped in the struggle for independence.

When men went off to war, women took on added work.

They planted and harvested the crops that fed the Continental Army.

Women made shoes, wove cloth for blankets and uniforms.

Betsy Ross of Philadelphia sewed flags for Washington’s army.

Molly PitcherMolly Pitcher

Many women also joined their soldier husbands at the front.

They washed clothes, cooked, and cared for the wounded.

A few women took part in battle. Mary Ludwig Hays carried water to her husband and other soldiers. The soldiers called her Moll of the Pitcher or Molly Pitcher. She took her husband’s place loading and firing a cannon when he was wounded.

Many women also joined their soldier husbands at the front.

They washed clothes, cooked, and cared for the wounded.

A few women took part in battle. Mary Ludwig Hays carried water to her husband and other soldiers. The soldiers called her Moll of the Pitcher or Molly Pitcher. She took her husband’s place loading and firing a cannon when he was wounded.

Financial BurdensFinancial BurdensPaying for the war was a difficult task for

congress.Congress had limited resources.With no power, congress had to plead

with the states for money.Unfortunately, the states had little money.To pay and supply the troops, Congress

printed Continental paper money.The more money congress printed, the

less money was worth.By the end of the war, paper money had

almost no value.

Paying for the war was a difficult task for congress.

Congress had limited resources.With no power, congress had to plead

with the states for money.Unfortunately, the states had little money.To pay and supply the troops, Congress

printed Continental paper money.The more money congress printed, the

less money was worth.By the end of the war, paper money had

almost no value.

George Rogers ClarkGeorge Rogers ClarkIn order to defend against attacks on the

frontier, Virginia sent George Rogers Clark and a militia to strike British forts beyond the Appalachian Mountains in 1778.

Clark’s forces captured two Mississippi River outposts.

Clark and his troops trudged across 200 miles of icy floodwaters to surprise attack the British and their Native American allies on the fort in Vincesses.

Clark’s victories strengthened American’s claim of the Ohio River Valley area.

In order to defend against attacks on the frontier, Virginia sent George Rogers Clark and a militia to strike British forts beyond the Appalachian Mountains in 1778.

Clark’s forces captured two Mississippi River outposts.

Clark and his troops trudged across 200 miles of icy floodwaters to surprise attack the British and their Native American allies on the fort in Vincesses.

Clark’s victories strengthened American’s claim of the Ohio River Valley area.

Spain Helps the AmericansSpain Helps the Americans

Unofficially, the Americans received help from Spain.

Spain governed Louisiana which was just west of the Mississippi and stretched North as far as Canada.

The Spanish were eager to get back Florida, which was lost to Britain at the end of the French and Indian War.

Unofficially, the Americans received help from Spain.

Spain governed Louisiana which was just west of the Mississippi and stretched North as far as Canada.

The Spanish were eager to get back Florida, which was lost to Britain at the end of the French and Indian War.

Bernardo de GalvezBernardo de Galvez

Louisiana governor, Bernardo de Galvez, began helping the Americans before Spain declared war on Britain.

He was secretly providing money and munitions to George Rogers Clark and other Americans.

He also gave Americans ships a safe refuge in New Orleans harbor.

Louisiana governor, Bernardo de Galvez, began helping the Americans before Spain declared war on Britain.

He was secretly providing money and munitions to George Rogers Clark and other Americans.

He also gave Americans ships a safe refuge in New Orleans harbor.

The War at SeaThe War at Sea

Although Congress had voted to create a Continental navy, American shipyards were able to build a few warships.

With only a small navy, the Americans became skilled at making hit-and-run attacks on British ships.

Although Congress had voted to create a Continental navy, American shipyards were able to build a few warships.

With only a small navy, the Americans became skilled at making hit-and-run attacks on British ships.

John Paul JonesJohn Paul Jones

The most famous naval battle took place of the coast of England in 1779. The American ship Bonhomme Richard under the command of John Paul Jones, fought side by side with the larger British ship Serapis.

Cannons and musket fire ripped the sails of both ships to shreds and blasted holes in the wooden sides.

Jones refused to give up. He said, “I have not yet begun to fight.”

Finally the British ship was forced to give up.

The most famous naval battle took place of the coast of England in 1779. The American ship Bonhomme Richard under the command of John Paul Jones, fought side by side with the larger British ship Serapis.

Cannons and musket fire ripped the sails of both ships to shreds and blasted holes in the wooden sides.

Jones refused to give up. He said, “I have not yet begun to fight.”

Finally the British ship was forced to give up.

PrivateersPrivateers

The navy had help from 800 privateers that harassed British shipping

Privateers were armed civilian ships that had their government’s permission to attack enemy ships and their goods.

Operating like pirates, privateers seized cargoes of rum from the West Indies, wool from England, and furs from Canada.

The navy had help from 800 privateers that harassed British shipping

Privateers were armed civilian ships that had their government’s permission to attack enemy ships and their goods.

Operating like pirates, privateers seized cargoes of rum from the West Indies, wool from England, and furs from Canada.