chapter 6 – producers: seaweeds and plants. the domains of life
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants
![Page 2: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Domains of Life
![Page 3: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction
• Nonplant photosynthetic organisms include photosynthetic bacteria and unicellular algae and the seaweeds.
• The seaweeds are “plant-like” because they are multicellular primary producers. A few seaweeds are actually not primary producers but instead parasite other seaweeds.
![Page 4: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Kingdom Protista – Seaweeds (algae)
![Page 5: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Kingdom Plantae – Plants
![Page 6: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Introduction to Multicellular Algae
• Seaweeds= macrophytes =macroalgae– All multicellular (unicellular green and
brown algae are not seaweeds)
– Eukaryotic
– There is a large variety of seaweeds
![Page 7: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
General Structure• Seaweeds
– Lack true leaves, stem, and roots of plants
– Have the following structures:• Thallus – complete body of seaweed• Blade – leaf-like flattened portion of thallus. This
provides a large surface area for photosynthesis. They have no veins.
• Pneumatocysts – gas-filled blades used for floatation• Stipe – stem (with no vascular tissue)• Holdfast – attaches the thallus to the bottom (not
roots). No water/nutrient transport system.
![Page 8: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Algal (macrophyte) structure
![Page 9: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Types of Seaweeds
• There are three types of seaweed:– Green
– Brown
– Red
• It is not always easy to rely on color for identification. Sometimes chemical analysis of pigments may be needed.
![Page 10: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Kingdom Protista – Seaweeds (algae)
![Page 11: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Marine algae in an Oregon Intertidal Zone
![Page 12: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Types of Seaweeds• Green Algae
Phylum Chlorophyta
• Only about 10% of 7,000 species are marine (most of them are unicellular).
• They are very common in some marine environments.
• Typically they are bright green because the chlorophyll is not masked by other pigments.
![Page 13: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Phylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae
![Page 14: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Types of Seaweeds• Some types of green algae:
– Filamentous – filaments may be branched or not– Enteromorpha – have a thin thallus form a hollow tube
and are found in areas of high pollution.– Sea lettuce (Ulva) – paper-thin sheets– Valonia – forms large spheres in the tropics and
subtropics– Caulerpa – single tube with multiple nuclei– Dead man’s fingers – (Codium) – multinucleated
filaments woven into a spongy branching thallus.– Halimeda – calcareous green algae – thallus contains
filaments that contain calcium carbonate, when it dies, it plays a role in the formation of coral reefs.
![Page 15: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Chaetomorpha
Bryopsis
Green Algae
![Page 16: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Enteromorpha
Ulva
Green Algae
![Page 17: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Halimeda
…a calcareous reef building alga
Green Algae
![Page 18: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Types of Seaweed
• Brown Algae
Phylum: Heterokontophyta, Class: Phaeophyta
• Anatomy:– Brown color comes from more fucoxanthin
(yellow-brown pigment) than chlorophyll.
– Almost all species are marine
![Page 19: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Phylum Heterokontophyta: Class Phaeophyta – Brown Algae
![Page 20: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Types of Seaweed• Brown Algae• Some examples of Phaeophyta
– Kelps (Laminaria, Agarum, Alaria, Egregia, Eisenia, Nereocystis, Macrocystis)
– Ectocarpus– Dictyota– Padina– Desmares– Fucus – Rockweed or wracks (exposed at low tide)– Sargassum – spherical air bladders that keep it
afloat
![Page 21: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Brown Algae
Leathesia
Scytosiphon
![Page 22: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Laminaria
Egregia
Brown Algae
![Page 23: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Postelsia
Brown Algae
![Page 24: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Macrocystis -- Kelp
Brown Algae
![Page 25: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Macrocystis -- Kelp
Brown Algae
![Page 26: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Types of Seaweeds
• Red AlgaePhylum: Rhodophyta
– Most common of the three.– Have red pigments called phycobilins which
mask chlorophyll.– Mostly marine– Not as complex as brown algae, some are
parasites, others have lost their chlorophyll and become heterotrophs
– Most are filamentous
![Page 27: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Class Rhodophyta – Red Algae
![Page 28: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Types of Seaweed• Red Algae• Examples:
– Gelidium and Gracilaria are found worldwide– Endocladia forms wiry clumps on rocks– Gigartina – one of the most massive red algae (blades up
to 2m long)– Porophyta – found on rocky shores – Rhodymenia – found in the Atlantic – blades can reach
1m long– Chondrus – Iris moss– Corallina – red algae that deposit calcium carbonate –
involved in the creation of coral reefs.
![Page 29: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Calliarthron
Melobesia
Red Algae
![Page 30: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Corallina
Palmaria
Red Algae
![Page 31: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Microcladia
Entocladia
Red Algae
![Page 32: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Mazzaella
Mastocarpus
Red Algae
![Page 33: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Life History• Asexual reproduction is more important than sexual
reproduction. • Some seaweeds produce spores (that can live dormant
in unfavorable conditions)– Some have a thick wall– Zoospores have a flagella
• Sexual reproduction (with the production of gametes) is common in seaweeds. This ensures genetic variation.
• Turn your textbooks the page 107.
![Page 34: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Algae as a Human Resource
![Page 37: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Economic Importance
• Farming or mariculture of seaweed occurs all over the world.
• Seaweeds produce several types of gelatinous chemicals called phycocolloids.
• Algin (an important phycocolloid) has many uses (frosting, dairy products, shampoo, shaving cream, plastics, pesticides, etc.) It is found in kelp (Macrocystis).
![Page 38: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Economic Importance• Carrageenan (another important phycocolloid)
found in red algae, it is used in dairy products as well as a variety of processed foods.
• Agar (another important phycocolloid) protects ham, fish, and meats during canning, in low calorie foods, and as a thickener. It is also used in research.
• Some other uses for seaweeds includes fertilizers, food additives, and wound dressing in hospitals.
![Page 39: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Phycocolloids
Algin (brown algae)
Carrageenan (red algae)
![Page 40: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Phycocolloids
Agar (red algae)
![Page 41: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Class Rhodophyta – Red Algae
Porphyra
![Page 42: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Algae products and harvest
![Page 43: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Evelyn McConnaughey
OIMB
Edible Algae
![Page 44: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Kingdom Plantae – Plants
![Page 45: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Introduction to Flowering Plants• There are 250,000 species of flowering plants (common
name: angiosperms)/(phylum or division: Magnoliophyta)• Few live in the ocean• They have true leaves, stems, and roots (that transport
nutrients and water).• They belong to the kingdom plantae• Reproduction involves an elaborate reproductive organ, the
flower.• Most of these species are not truly marine (only the
seagrasses are). The others spend some time (at high tide submersed or just their roots are submersed).
![Page 46: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Seagrass bed
![Page 47: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Seagrasses• Seem to resemble grass but are not grasses. They are
most closely related to the lily family.
• Horizontal stems called rhizomes.
• Flowers are small and inconspicuous
• Pollen is carried by water currents
• Eelgrass or Zostera (50-60 species known), it is found in oxygen poor beds
• Surf grass inhabits areas on rocky coasts exposed to wave action.
![Page 48: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Phylum AnthophytaFlowering Plants Angiosperms
Mangrove flowers
Seagrass flower
![Page 49: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Sea grass bed at lower edge of the intertidal zone
![Page 50: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Seagrasses
roots and rhizomes
![Page 51: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Common Seagrass genera
![Page 52: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Seagrass genera in Califronia waters
2 species
3 species
![Page 53: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Zostera
![Page 54: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Phyllospadix
![Page 55: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Seagrasses are flowering plants
Reproductive plants
flower
Fruit with seeds
![Page 56: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Medcalfe Marsh, near Charleston, Oregon
Salt Marsh
![Page 57: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Salt-Marsh Plants
• Cordgrasses are true members of the grass family – they are not really marine. They just tolerate the salt air and spray.
• Tolerant plants called halophyles live in salt marshes but keep their leaves above water. Many of them have leaves that contain salt glands.
![Page 58: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Salt marsh mudflat
Salt marsh – mudflat system
![Page 59: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Salt Marsh plants
Salicornia (pickleweed)
![Page 60: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Spartina (cordgrass)
Salt Marsh plants
![Page 61: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Mangroves• Trees and shrubs adapted to living along tropical and
subtropical shores around the world.
• More than 80 different species of plants share the common name “mangrove”.
• Red mangroves are found in areas without frost. Some adaptations of red mangrove are: thick leaves, seeds germinate while still attached to the parent tree. (Like a pencil, once mature, it falls and sticks into the mud)
![Page 62: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Mangroves
• Mangroves thrive in salty environments and are able to obtain freshwater from saltwater.
• Some spp. secrete excess salt through their leaves while other block absorption of salt at their roots.
![Page 63: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Mangrove Impacts
• At one time, nearly 0.5 million acres of mangroves surrounded Florida’s coastal zone contributing to ecosystem health in a variety of ways.
-Trap and cycle organics, chemical elements, sediment and minerals.
-Provide shelter for marine organisms.
![Page 64: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Mangrove
![Page 65: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Mangrove seedling
![Page 66: Chapter 6 – Producers: Seaweeds and Plants. The Domains of Life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551bdeed550346b4588b5cbf/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Salt Marshes and Mangroves