chapter 6 learning slides prepared by randall e. osborne, texas state university-san marcos...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 6
Learning
Slides prepared by Randall E. Osborne, Texas State University-San Marcos
PSYCHOLOGYSchacter
Gilbert
Wegner
PSYCHOLOGYSchacter
Gilbert
Wegner
6.1
Defining Learning: Experience That Causes a Permanent
Change
3
6.1 Defining Learning
- Learning – Experience that causes a permanent change
- Habituation•gradual reduction in responding
4
6.1 Learning and Behaviorism
- Behaviorism: 1930s – 1950s
- Observable, quantifiable behavior
- Mental activity is irrelevant and unknowable
PSYCHOLOGYSchacter
Gilbert
Wegner
6.2
Classical Conditioning: One Thing Leads to Another
6
6.2 Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning• Unconditioned
stimulus (US)• Unconditioned
response (UR)• Conditioned
stimulus (CS)• Conditioned
response (CR)
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6.2 Classical Conditioning
- Basic principles of classical conditioning• Aquisition• Extinction• Spontaneous recovery• Generalization• Discrimination
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6.2 Conditioned Emotional Responses
- John Watson- “even complex behaviors are the result of
conditioning”- 9-month-old “Little Albert”- Stimuli—white rat; dog; rabbit; burning
newspaper• Showed curiosity• Then shown stimulus (rat) and loud noise when he
reached to touch it—result was fear• Soon sight of rat caused fear
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6.2 Conditioned Emotional Responses
- Watson’s goals:• Complex reactions can be conditioned using Pavlovian
techniques• Emotional responses (such as fear) are learned and not
result of unconscious processes“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”
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6.2 Classical Conditioning
- Neural elements•Amygdala—central nucleus
- Cognitive elements•expectation
- Evolutionary elements•survival (such as food aversions)•adaptiveness•biological preparedness
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6.2 Rescorla-Wagner Model of Classical Conditioning
PSYCHOLOGYSchacter
Gilbert
Wegner
6.3
Operant Conditioning: Reinforcements from the
Environment
13
6.3 Operant Conditioning
- E. L. Thorndike (1874-1949)
- Instrumental behaviors
- Puzzle box
- Law of effect
- Watson originally rejects need for reward
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6.3 Operant Conditioning
- B. F. Skinner- Operant conditioning- Operant chamber- Reinforcer
• Positive• Negative
- Punishment• Positive• Negative
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6.3 Operant Conditioning
- Primary reinforcement
- Secondary reinforcement
- Primary punishment
- Secondary punishment
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6.3 Operant Conditioning
- Which reinforcers are more effective?
- Premack principle• “no TV until the homework is done”
- Relatively reinforcing•Water to reinforce a thirsty rat for exercising•Nonthirsty rat drinking in order to exercise
- Overjustification effect
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6.3 Operant Conditioning
- Discrimination
- Generalization
- Importance of context
- Extinction
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6.3 Operant Conditioning
- Schedules of reinforcement• fixed-interval (set
time)• variable-interval
(avg. time)• fixed ratio (set
number)• variable ratio
(avg. number)
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6.3 Operant Conditioning
- Ratio schedules•high rates of responding because number of
rewards received is directly related to the number of responses made
- Intermittent-reinforcement effect• resist extinction
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6.3 Shaping
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6.3 Operant Conditioning
- Superstitious behavior• reinforcement of
accidental behavior• “this stench causes
home runs!”
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6.3 Operant Conditioning—Neural Elements
- Pleasure centers• nucleus accumbens• medial forebrain• hypothalamus• involve dopamine
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6.3 Operant Conditioning—Cognitive Elements
- Edward Tolman (1886-1959)
- Means-ends relationships
- Latent learning
- Cognitive map
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6.3 Operant Conditioning—Evolutionary Elements
- Rats trained to let in T-maze to get food
- Next day turned right (contrary to conditioning)
- Why?• rats are foragers•adaptive foraging strategy is to NOT search for
food the same place twice
PSYCHOLOGYSchacter
Gilbert
Wegner
6.4
Observational Learning: Look at Me
26
6.4 Observational Learning
- Learning without direct experience
- Bandura’s bobo dolls
- Adult models
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6.4 Observational Learning
- Social learning
- Cultural norms
- Viewing media violence
- Mirror neurons
PSYCHOLOGYSchacter
Gilbert
Wegner
6.5
Implicit Learning: Under the Wires
29
6.5 Implicit Learning
- Implicit learning
- Ways to study implicit learning• artificial grammar• can learn “rules”
even without being taught rules
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6.5 Implicit Learning
- Characteristics of implicit learning•smaller individual differences than explicit•unrelated to IQ•changes little across lifespan• resistant to disorders that impair explicit
strongly suggests that explicit and implicit learning use different neural pathways
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6.5 Implicit Learning—More on Characteristics
- Resistant to disorders that impair explicit• strongly suggests that
explicit and implicit learning use different neural pathways