chapter 6: learning. classical conditioning ivan pavlov a type of learning in which a neutral...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Classical Conditioning
• Ivan Pavlov
• A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response.
• How his theory began
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Figure 6.1 Classical conditioning apparatus
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Classical Conditioning
• Terminology – Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)– Conditioned Stimulus (CS)– Unconditioned Response (UCR)– Conditioned Response (CR)
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
UCS CS
NS
CRUCR
Pair
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Figure 6.2 The sequence of events in classical conditioning
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Figure 6.3 Classical conditioning of a fear response
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Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning
• Acquisition– Learning a response tendency
• Extinction – Weakening of a response tendency
• Spontaneous recovery– An extinguished response reappears
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Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning
• Stimulus generalization – Conditioning generalizes to similar
stimuli• Stimulus discrimination
– Response occurs only for a specific stimulus
• Higher-order conditioning– CS serves as a UCS for new
conditioning
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Figure 6.8 Higher-order conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
• B.F. Skinner (1953)
– Consequences of a behavior determine if the behavior will continue.
– “Skinner box”– Shaping
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Figure 6.9 Reinforcement in operant conditioning
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Figure 6.10 Skinner box and cumulative recorder
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Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning
• Acquisition
• Shaping
• Extinction
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Reinforcement:Consequences that Strengthen Responses
• Primary Reinforcers– Satisfy biological needs
• Secondary Reinforcers– Conditioned reinforcement
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Consequences:Reinforcement and Punishment
• Increasing a response:– Positive reinforcement =
• Presentation of something pleasant– Negative reinforcement =
• Removal of something unpleasant• Escape learning• Avoidance learning
• Decreasing a response:– Punishment– Problems with punishment
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Consequences:Reinforcement and Punishment
• Increasing a response:– Positive reinforcement =
• Presentation of something pleasant– Negative reinforcement =
• Removal of something unpleasant
• Escape learning• Avoidance learning
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Consequences:Reinforcement and Punishment
• Decreasing a response:– Punishment
• Presentation of something unpleasant• Removal of something pleasant
– Problems with punishment
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Figure 6.14 Positive reinforcement versus negative reinforcement
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Figure 6.15 Escape and avoidance learning
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Figure 6.16 Comparison of negative reinforcement and punishment
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Schedules of Reinforcement
• Continuous reinforcement• Intermittent (partial) reinforcement
– Ratio schedules• Fixed• Variable
– Interval schedules• Fixed • Variable
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Figure 6.13 Schedules of reinforcement and patterns of response
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Changing Directions in the Studyof Conditioning
• Biological Constraints on Conditioning– Instinctive Drift– Conditioned Taste Aversion– Arbitrary vs. ecological conditioned stimuli
• Cognitive Influences on Conditioning– Latent learning– Signal relations– Response-outcome relations
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Figure 6.19 Latent learning
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Observational Learning
• Albert Bandura– Observational learning
• Basic processes– attention– retention– reproduction– motivation
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Figure 6.20 Observational learning