chapter 6 - industrial pollution

7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution

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Dr. Ong Meng Chuan

Department of Marine Science

Faculty of Maritime Studies and Marine ScienceUniversiti Malaysia Terengganu



Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution

Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 2

CHAPTER 6

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

A stream is polluted when it has been unacceptable for a

defined usage by a pollutant

When the pollutant has industry as a point of origin , as

opposed to domestic residences, the waste is an industrial

waste

Pollution which can be directly linked with industry , in contrast to other pollution

sources

This form of pollution is one of the leading causes of pollution worldwide ; estimates

that up to 50% of the nation's pollution is caused by industry.

Industrial pollution is a serious problem for the entire planet, especially in nations

which are rapidly industrializing

This form of pollution dates back to antiquity, but

widespread industrial pollution accelerated

rapidly in the 1800s , with the start of the

Industrial Revolution

The period mechanized means of production,

allowing for a much greater volume of production , and generating a corresponding

increase in pollution

EXAMPLE : Use of fuels like coal





There are a number of forms of industrial pollution

One of the most common is water pollution , caused by dumping of industrial waste

into waterways , or improper containment of waste, which causes leakage into

groundwater and waterways

Industrial pollution can also impact air quality , and it can enter the soil, causing

widespread environmental problems

Because of the nature of the global environment, industrial pollution is never limited

to industrial nations

EXAMPLE : Samples of ice cores from Antarctica and the Arctic both show high levels of

industrial pollutants, illustrating the immense distances which pollutants can travel,

and traces of industrial pollutants have been identified in isolated human, animal, and plant populations as well

Industrial pollution hurts the environment in a range of ways, and it has a negative

impact on human lives and health

Pollutants can kill animals and plants , imbalance ecosystems , degrade air quality

radically , damage buildings , and generally degrade quality of life





Industrial water pollution arises from agricultural practices , deforestation and

poor land management .

In addition, industrial accidents such as oil or chemical spills can create large-scale

disruptions to hydrologic systems.

Thermal water pollution may occur from industrial processes that discharge heated

water

Industrial processes that discharge wastewater into streams and rivers may pollute

bodies of both fresh and sea water

This effluent may carry industrial water pollution for many nautical miles , affecting

aquatic wildlife

Heavy metals may be contained in some industrial waste. These metals, such as

mercury, lead, or beryllium, may settle on the bottom of streams and tidal basins

WHICH INDUSTRIES POLLUTE THE MOST?

1. Chemical Processing Industry – fertilizer, pharmaceutical, pesticide industry

2. Manufacturing and processing of metals, cement, and paper

3. Oil refining – Industries which rely on fossil fuel also pollute, including coal fired

power plants, airlines, and the automobile industry

4. Farming Industry

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT

Industrial accidents may result in extremely large releases of industrial water

pollution

EXAMPLE :

(1) Deep Horizon oil spill that occurred off the Louisiana Coast in the U.S. in 2010,

which was the largest oil spill in U.S. history

(2) Union Carbide gas leak in Bhopal, India in 1984 – Pesticide industry

(3) Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine – Nuclear disaster

(4) Fukushima Daiichi in Japan – Nuclear disaster





WASTE

Waste

A moveable object which has no direct use and is discarded permanently

Hazardous Waste

Wastes ( solid , liquids , and containerizedgases ) other than radioactive and infectious

wastes which, by reason of their chemical activity, toxic explosive, corrosive or other characteristics cause danger to health or the environment whether alone or when

coming into contact with other waste.

HAZARDOUS WASTE

Hazardous wastes are wastes that are a risk to the health of humans or other

living organisms

They may be solids , liquids , or gases. They often contain toxic , corrosive , flammable ,

reactive or explosive materials





A typical scenario is that the site became contaminated , the contaminants were

released and migrated into the subsurface where rainfall , solvents or ground

water transported the contaminants to points of ground water use or surface

discharge to aquatic environment

The remediation of contaminated sites is a far bigger problem than themanagement of currently generated hazardous wastes.

WASTEWATER

Wastewater from industrial discharge may contain a combination of high BOD

(organic substances), high level of suspended solid , and presence of toxic substances

This discharge can be 10 or more times higher than found in the raw sewage

EXAMPLE : BOD in the raw sewage may be in the range of 200 ppm, while industrial

wastewater, the level can reach up to 10 or 20 thousand ppm

Industrial wastewater can be classified into 3 types

(1) Wastes with high BOD

o Oil palm, rubber, fruits and vegetable canning, milk, beverage, sugar cane

refineries

o Oxygen problem similar to that stated in sewage pollution

(2) Wastes with a high BOD and a significant level of toxic substances

o High BOD derived as well as inorganic and organic compounds released

o Toxic substances such as sodium sulfide (Na 2SO3 ), methylmercaptane,

formaldehyde and low pH will have some harmful effects on aquatic organism

o EXAMPLE : pulp and paper mills; petroleum refineries

(3) Wastes with low (or no) BOD and high level of toxic substances

o Metal refineries, chemical processes and acid/alkaline production o Mixed waste toxicity

o Toxic to aquatic organism

o Bioaccumulation





POLLUTANT

Inorganic pollutant was lead by the chemicals (acids, alkalis, inorganic salts)

generally formed during the processing in the industrial

These chemicals are toxic to aquatic organism and human health

The organic pollutants are sugars, oil, proteins that presence in the aquatic system

through food processing industries

INDUSTRIAL WASTES – By Contaminant

Acids and Alkalis

o Perhaps the most common industrial waste

Solid and Liquids

o Grease and oils are common lubricants.

o Solvents and cleaners are used widely

Heated Water ( Thermal Pollution )

o Heated water can alter a biome as well as killing fish and fry

o Usually associated with power plants

Toxic Chemicals.

o Usually considered the core of the problem

o Heavy metals include: lead, cadmium, chromium

Heavy BOD loads.

o Food and paper industries.

o Microorganisms (MO’s) may be useful for treatment.

Industrial Wastes – By Sources

Food Products (animal)

o Meat

o Fish

o Poultry

o Dairy

Food Products (vegetable)

o Canned foods

o Starches, potatoes, cereals

o Sugar, cane and beets

o Fermentation, beer and wine





Mining

o Coal

o Metals

Manufactured Products

o Inorganic chemicals; sulfuric acid; chlorine o Organic chemicals; petrochemicals; pesticides; insecticides; plastics

o Metal finishing, cleaning and plating

o Pulp and paper

o Textiles and leather

PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON INDUSTRY

Oil terminal and oil refinery

Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons with a trace amount of

other chemical elements

High BOD and toxic hydrocarbon compounds

LAUNDRY INDUSTRY

Largest personal serviceindustry – $1.6 billion annually

2.5 billion kg of laundry per week (US)

8 L of waster per kg of clothes

Waste originates from:

o Dirt

o Grease

o Starch

o Dyes

Waste characteristics:

o highly turbid

o alkaline

o colored





CANNED FOOD INDUSTRY

Requires a great deal of water

o Wash water from cleaning vegetable

o Solids from sorting, peeling and coring.

o spillage from filling and sealing machines

o wash water from cleaning floors, tables, belts

Treatment in lagoons involves aerobic or anaerobic activity, sedimentation, soil

absorption, evaporation and dilution

Biological treatment is a problem for seasonal operations

METAL PLATING INDUSTRY

After metals have been fabricated into the appropriate sizes and shapes , they are

finished to final requirements

Finishing usually involves stripping , removal of undesirable oxides , cleaning and

plating

In plating, the metal to be plated acts as the cathode while the plating metal in

solution serves as the anode

The most ubiquitous contaminants are chromium zinc, copper, nickel, tin and cyanides

Two major sources of waste are concentrated solutions and rinse waters





PAPER INDUSTRY

WOOD PAPER

Chemical Additives & Reactions

A. White Liquor added to wood chips. (Na 2S + NaOH + Na 2CO3 )

B. Black Liquor washed out

C. Pulp treated with Chlorine to oxidize Lignin

D. Pulp extracted with Caustic Sods to remove Lignin

E. Pulp treated with Sodium Hypochiorite (NaOCI)

F. Pulp treated with Chlorine Dioxide (CIO 2 ) to increase whiteness

G. Bleached pulp slurry. Rosin, Alum, Dyes, Clay and Titanium Dioxide (TIO 2 ) added.

H. Paper sheet formed here through dewatering. Rosin and Alum react to size the

paper (make it more waterproof).

I. Black Liquor (Spent White Liquor + Lignins from Wood).

J. Converts Black Liquor + added saltcake to Green Liquor thru combustion

1. Na 2SO4 ---> Na 2S

2. Na Lignin ---> Na 2CO3

K. Contains Green Liquor (Na 2CO3 + Na 2S)

L. Converts Green Liquor to White Liquor (Na 2S + Na<sub2< sub="">CO3 + Ca (OH) 2 --

-> NaOH + Na 2S + CaCO3 )</sub2<>

M. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3 ) is settled out and sent to Lime Kiln. Clarified White

Liquor goes back into new cooking cycle at Point A.





INTERACTION OF OXYGEN WITH INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT

Wastewater from industrial activity may easily

have BOD due to the oxidation on organic

matters by microorganism If wastewater being discharged into the aquatic

system; oxygen level in water would drop

However, as the distance from outfall

increase , the oxygen influx from atmospheric

will exceed the microbial respiration rate

Therefore, the oxygen level is slowly back to

virtually 100% as distance increase

Picture A

The discharge waste is sufficient high in BOD

Picture B

There are 2 or more industrial activities

The phenomenon occur when the waste from the earlier out are still apparent inwater and combine with the new discharge

The water quality along the discharge/river system may undergoes a deleterious

Oxygen concentration may drop to zero (anoxic)

Effect may extend few kilometers before the oxygen raise up again / back to

normal concentration

Natural fauna would be completely displaced in the distance





TYPE OF INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGE IN MALAYSIA

Manufacturing

Industry, 45%

Sewage

Treatment

Plants, 47%

Animal Farm

(Pig, Cow

Farm), 5%

Agro-based

Industry, 3%





0

5

10

15

20

2521

2 1

64

1 2

10

1 1

4

1

POLLUTION STATUS – RIVER IN MALAYSIA

POLLUTED RIVER IN MALAYSIA

POLLUTED RIVER IN MALAYSIA

EXAMPLE :

o Sungai Klang – 1M tonne sewage collected along the river

o Only 1 species of fish, ______________ can survive in the river

o However, this fishes should not be eaten due to high _______________

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Clean Slightly

Polluted

Polluted Rivers

Monitored

306

217

54

577

Sungai Seget Sungai Skudai Sungai Kempas

Sungai Danga Sungai Segamat

Sungai Klang

Sungai JuruSungai JelutongSungai PinangSungai JejawiSungai Junjung

Sungai Langat





PARAMETER LIMITS OF EFFLUENT

Standard A

Effluent discharged into any inland water within the catchment area

Standard B

Effluent discharged into any other inland water

Parameter Standard

A B

Temperature ( oC ) 40 40

pH Value 6.0 – 9.0 5.5 – 9.0

BOD5 at 20oC ( mg/L ) 20 50

COD ( mg/L ) 50 100

Suspended Solids(mg/L )

50 100

Mercury ( mg/L ) 0.005 0.05

Cadmium ( mg/L ) 0.01 0.02

Arsenic ( mg/L ) 0.05 0.10

Lead ( mg/L ) 0.10 0.50

Copper ( mg/L ) 0.20 1.0

Phenol ( mg/L ) 0.001 1.0

Chlorine ( mg/L ) 1.0 2.0

Oil & Grease ( mg/L ) N.D. 10.0

chapter 6 - industrial pollution

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