chapter 6 indian music: south india (& some north?)
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 6Indian Music: South India
(& some North?)
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Brief History
2500-1700 BCE—Indus Valley cities3rd century BCE—countless kingdoms and emperors such as the Buddhist Asokac. 1400-1800 CE—Mogulsc. 1600-1947 CE—three centuries of British colonialism
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Hinduism
“the dominant religion of India.” Caste: “one of the hereditary social classes in Hinduism that restrict the occupation of their members and their association with the members of other castes.”
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Islam
Moslems “belief in Allah as the sole deity and in Muhammad as his prophet.”About 10%
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Palimpsest
“a manuscript parchment written on again and again in which everything written before is never fully erased. Everything written before is somehow still there, visible and readable . . .”Similarly in Indian culture old traditions persist and “coexist with the new and innovative . . .” (compare with China and Japan)
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History, Culture, Politicsone billion people—a fifth of the world’s populationan area one-third the size of the United StatesFifteen major languagesMore than Five Thousand years of history
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Regions
Hindustani -- NorthMoslem concentrationHindus Valley
Carnatic -- SouthHindu concentrationCarnatic Plains
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The Taj Mahal
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English Influence
railwaysdemocratic systems of governmentbureaucracyuniversitiesEuropean musical instruments
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European musical instruments
“While Indians adapted European musical instruments to their musical styles, they did not adopt European musical styles.”
violinclarinetpianosaxophone GuitarMandolin
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Traditional literature
two Sanskrit epics between 400 B.C.E. and 400 C.E.”
RamayanaMahabharata
In Carnatic music many song texts refer to events in these epics.
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Important religious worksThe four Vedas UpanishadsPuranas
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Music of India
Pop musicDevotional songClassical music
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Cine Music
Indian popular musicA blend of East and West Sometimes reminiscent of early rock and roll “Anything goes”“Engal Kalyanam (CD II:20)
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Hindustani and Carnatic MusicSimilarities ragas talas
DifferencesThe Hindustani north -- expansive improvisations Carnatic south -- pre-composed devotional songs
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Raga
“that which colors the mind and the heart” a collection of notes, a scale, intonation, ornaments, pillar tones a precise melody form sa ri ga ma pa da ni (sa)
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Talaregularly recurring metric cycles consisting of groups of beats.Beat groupings are usually uneven (i.e., 3+2+2; 4+3; 1+2)
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veena
plucked string instrument with seven stringsthree drone strings and four playing strings (for playing melodies).
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Mridangam
double-headed, barrel-shaped drum.
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Sruti-box and tambura
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The Carnatic texture
Melody Layervocalist(s)/instrumentalist (veena)
Drone Layersustained (continuously sounding) central tonetambura or sruti box
Rhythm Layer (percussion)mridangam—multi-timbral, double-headedtala
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bhajan
devotional songsung by a soloist with accompanying instruments
or by a vocal group in a call-and–response manner “Devi Niye Tunai” (CD II:21)Tala accents p. 255
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chinna melan
“small band,” an ensemble of two or more A chinna melam is likely to be performed at any auspicious occasion, for example, at temple worship, weddings, the opening a new store, and so on.
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Chinna Melam instruments
nagasvaram double-reed pipes,tavil drums and sruti-box drone
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Karnataka Sangeeta
Classical Music of South India
in English simply Carnatic music. It is named after the Carnatic plateau
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Transmission
oral tradition passed down by memory. The music is to nudge the memory.no definitive version of the music exists. musical renditions may become highly variable
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CD III:1 “Sarasiruha” (“To the Goddess Saraswati”)
Kriti in Natai raga and Adi tala. Performed by veena and mridangam.
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Sarasiruha
0:00-3:15 Alapana “free-flowing exposition and exploration of the raga
absence of meterdrone sustains tonal center and the tone a fifth above tonal center
3:20-8:15 Tanam“strong sense of beat.”improvised melody continues
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Sarasiruha
8:25-15:45 Kriti “Sarasiruha”“centerpiece” of the performance
Pallavi: “O Mother who loves the lotus seat,”Anupallavi: “Save me who have taken refuge in you!”Charanam: “Complete Being, who holds a book in her hand which bestows all dominion.”
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Sarasiruha
15:45-18:05 Kalpana Svaras mridangam continues to accompanymelody played on the veena
18:06-22:20 The Drum Solo: Tani Avartanam
A long and complex improvised drum solo played on the mridangam accompanied only by the drone being played on the drone strings of the veena
22:04
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North India
Tabla = drumSitar = descendent of veena
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Tabla
Zakir Hussain, master tabla player
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Ravi Shankar
virtuoso sitar player1960s concerts brought him superstar status in Europe, the United States and India.
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Indian Influences
The BeatlesMinimalism (Philip Glass et al)Pieces of EastDavid Amram Ballet (Chakra)
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Chakra, David Amram
Jhaptal Tala (2+3+2+3)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X X X X X X
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Combined Result
(Raga transposed to G in Oboe Part)
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Pieces of East