2/25/2015

1

1941-1945

Soldiers abroad and Americans at home join in the effort to win World War II, which ends with victory for the Allies.

But American society is transformed in the process.

It is December 1941. After Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. had entered the war. As a citizen, you and millions like you must mobilize a depressed peacetime country for war. The United States must produce the workers, soldiers, weapons and equipment that will help to win the war.

How can the US use its resources to achieve victory?◦ How can government encourage businesses to convert

to wartime production?◦ What sacrifices will you and your family be willing to

make?◦ How can the military attract recruits? What kind of advertising technique do these use?

What emotions do they play on?Is it effective?

2/25/2015

2

Immigration and Migration:◦ The war put unprecedented numbers of Americans

on the move.

◦ Young men left home for military training and service overseas.

◦ As towns and cities with defense plants boomed to the bursting point, workers moved in to take jobs.

Economic Opportunity:◦ The post-war period brought renewed

opportunities for Americans to forge their dreams of the good life.

◦ The GI Bill of Rights promised to help returning veterans keep that dream alive.

Women and Political Power:◦ As Americans marched off to war, both the armed

services and defense industries turned to women to meet their “manpower” needs.

◦ Women proved they could handle almost any job.

Civil Rights:◦ For American minorities, the war meant a struggle

for equal treatment in the workplace and in the military.

◦ The government violated the civil rights of Japanese Americans by sending them to internment camps.

2/25/2015

3

Chapter 17: The U.S. in WWII

Section 1: Mobilizing for Defense

Objectives:

1. To explain how the United States expanded its armed forces in World War II.

2. To describe the wartime mobilization of industry, labor, scientists and the media.

3. To trace the efforts of the U.S. government to control the economy and deal with alleged subversion.

Main Idea:◦ Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United

States prepared for war.

Why It Matters Now:◦ Military industries in the United States today are a

major part of the U.S. economy.

Terms and Names:◦ George Marshall

◦ Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp. (WAAC)

◦ A. Philip Randolph

◦ Manhattan Project

◦ Office of Price Administration (OPA)

◦ War Production Board (WPB)

◦ Rationing

2/25/2015

4

Selective Service and the GI:◦ After Pearl Harbor, 5 million men volunteer for military

service◦ 10 million more are drafted to meet needs of a two-

front war

Expanding the Military:◦ General George Marshall—Army Chief of Staff—calls for

a women’s corps◦ Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)—allow women in

non-combat positions◦ Thousands of women enlist and the “Auxiliary” is

dropped, giving them full army benefits

Recruiting and Discrimination◦ Minority groups are denied basic citizenship rights in the

U.S.◦ Question whether they should die for American

democracy in other countries

Dramatic Contributions:◦ 300,000 Mexican Americans join the armed forces◦ 13,000 Chinese Americans and 33,000 Japanese

Americans serve◦ 25,000 Native Americans enlist◦ 1 million African Americans serve

They still live and work in segregated units

The Industrial Response◦ Factories convert from civilian to war production

◦ Shipyards, defense plans expand, new ones built

◦ Produce ships and arms rapidly

Use prefabricated parts

People work at record speeds

Labor’s Contribution◦ Nearly 18 million

workers in war industry, 6 million of which are women

◦ Over 2 million minorities hired; face strong discrimination at first

◦ A. Philip Randolph, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters organizes a march on Washington DC in 1941

2/25/2015

5

Hollywood Helps Mobilization:◦ Hollywood joined in the propaganda effort by

churning out numerous pro-Americans, anti-Nazi films

◦ One of the most famous was “The Great Dictator” in 1940 by comedian Charlie Chaplin. The film was banned in Germany

Mobilization of Scientists:◦ Office of Scientific

Research and development

◦ Manhattan Project—develops atomic bomb

Economic Controls:◦ Office of Price Administration (OPA) —freezes

prices, stops inflation◦ Higher taxes, purchase of war bonds lower

demands for scarce goods◦ War Production Board (WPB) says which companies

convert production Allocates raw materials

Organizes collection of recyclable materials

Turn to page 567 of your text, let’s look at the chart

◦ Rationing—Fixed allotments of goods needed by the military

2/25/2015

6

Terms and Names:◦ George Marshall

◦ Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp. (WAAC)

◦ A. Philip Randolph

◦ Manhattan Project

◦ Office of Price Administration (OPA)

◦ War Production Board (WPB)

◦ Rationing

Students group up and work on Section 1 of Chapter 17 study guide.

Chapter 17: The U.S. in WWII

Section 2: The War for Europe and North Africa

Objectives:

1. Summarize the Allies’ plan for winning the war

2. Identify events in the war in Europe

3. Describe the liberation of Europe

2/25/2015

7

Terms and Names:◦ Dwight D. Eisenhower

◦ D-Day

◦ Omar Bradley

◦ George Patton

◦ Battle of the Bulge

◦ V-E Day

◦ Harry S. Truman

Been in real life-threatening danger?◦ How did it feel?

◦ How do you think you’d react if you were a soldier marching into battle?

War Plans:◦ Churchill convinces FDR to strike first against Hitler and

wait until later to attack Japan

The Battle of the Atlantic:◦ Hitler orders submarine attacks against supply ships to

Britain Wolf packs (submarine units) destroy hundreds of ships in

1942

◦ Allies organize convoys of cargo ships with escort Destroyers with sonar; planes with radar (new technologies)

◦ Construction of Liberty ships (cargo carriers) speeds up in the U.S.

The Battle of Stalingrad:◦ Hitler wants to capture Caucasus oil fields and

destroy Stalingrad

◦ Soviets defeat Germans in a bitter winter campaign

Over 230,000 Germans and over 1 million Soviets die

◦ Battle is a turning point as Soviet army begins to advance towards Germany

2/25/2015

8

The North African Front:◦ Churchill wants the U.S.

to come to France but General Dwight D. Eisenhower commands an invasion of occupied North Africa (see pg. 572)

◦ Afrika Korps, let by General Erwin Rommel, surrenders in May 1943

The Italian Campaign:◦ The Allies decide they will accept only unconditional

surrender from Axis

◦ Summer 1943, because of their victory in North Africa, Allies capture Sicily; Mussolini forced to resign

◦ Rather than surrender Italy, Hitler decides to fight Allies in at Anzio

Despite strong resistance from Germans, Allies win 4 month long “Bloody Anzio” in 1944

Heroes in Combat:◦ African Americans—Tuskegee Airmen, Buffaloes—

highly decorated

Heroes in Combat:◦ Mexican American soldiers win many awards

2/25/2015

9

Heroes in Combat:◦ Asian American unit (442nd Regimental) most

decorated in U.S. history

D-Day:◦ Dwight D. Eisenhower was in charge of Operation

Overlord◦ Allies set up a fake army and sent fake messages to fool

Germans into thinking Allies would land at Calais—Hitler sends troops to defend

◦ On June 6th, 1944 Allies land 150 miles away at Normandy

◦ (see map on pg. 575)◦ Attack started after midnight as paratroopers land

behind enemy lines◦ As thousands of Allied soldiers landed at Normandy, the

fighting was fierce, especially at Omaha Beach

The Allies Gain Ground:◦ In July, General Omar

Bradley bombs a gap through the enemy lines

◦ Bradley was a classmate of Eisenhower’s at West Point and was known as a “soldier’s general”

The Allies Gain Ground:◦ General George Patton

leads the Third Army and reaches Paris in August, 1944

◦ Patton had previously defeated Rommel in Africa

◦ His nickname was “Old Blood and Guts”

◦ By September 1944, France, Belgium and Luxemburg are liberated, FDR is reelected for a 4th

term with running mate Harry S. Truman

2/25/2015

10

The Battle of the Bulge:◦ October 1944, Allies capture first German town, Aachen◦ December 1944, German tank divisions drive 60 miles

into Allied area◦ Battle of the Bulge—elite SS Troops captured and

executed 120 GI’s.◦ The battle raged for a month and the Germans retreated

but have irreplaceable losses in men and equipment

Liberation of Death Camps:◦ Allies in Germany, Soviets in Poland liberate

concentration camps Find starving prisoners, piles of corpses, evidence of Nazi

brutality

Unconditional Surrender:◦ April 1945, Soviet Army

storms Berlin; Hitler commits suicide

◦ Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of the German Reich

◦ May 8, 1945, V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day

Put yourself in this photograph in 1945.

How do you think you would have felt if you were alive in 1945?

Roosevelt’s Death:◦ FDR dies April 12,

1945; Vice President Harry S. Trumanbecomes the 32nd

president of the United States.

◦ He soon discovers he has the most powerful weapon ever conceived at his disposal.

2/25/2015

11

Students pair up and work on Section 2 of Chapter 17 study guide.

Chapter 17: The U.S. in WWII

Section 3: The War in the Pacific

1. Identify key turning points in the war in the Pacific

2. Describe the Allied offensive against the Japanese

3. Explain both the development of the atomic bomb and debates about its use

4. Describe the challenges faced by the Allies in building a just and lasting peace

Terms and Names:◦ Douglas McArthur

◦ Chester Nimitz

◦ Battle of Midway

◦ Kamikaze

◦ J. Robert Oppenheimer

◦ Hiroshima

◦ Nagasaki

◦ Nuremberg trials

2/25/2015

12

Using the map on page 580 of your text, label and color:◦ Countries

◦ Major cities

◦ Major battles (on the key)

◦ Sites of atomic bombing (on the key)

Discuss: how different would it be to fight a war in Asia rather than Europe?

Japan Invades Manchuria:◦ Japanese had invaded Manchuria in 1931 spurring

hostility from Chinese

◦ Civil war in China in 1937 had exiled Chaing Kai Shek to Taiwan (Republic of China), while People’s Republic of China was communist (Mao Tse Tung)

Japanese Advances:◦ In the first 6 months after

Pearl Harbor, Japan conquered an empire larger than the Third Reich

◦ General Douglas McArthur leads Allied forces in the Philippines

◦ March 1942, U.S. & Filipino troops trapped on Bataan Peninsula for four months 14,000 Allied troops died

◦ FDR orders McArthur to leave. He utters the famous line: “I shall return”

Doolittle’s Raid:◦ April 1942, Lt.

Colonel James Doolittle leads bomber raid on Tokyo

◦ Japanese spirits are dampened

2/25/2015

13

Battle of the Coral Sea:◦ May 1942, U.S. and Australian soldiers stop

Japanese drive into Australia

◦ This is the first time since Pearl Harbor that Japanese invasion is turned back

◦ Allies use Navajo Code Talkers to transmit secret telephone and radio messages

The Battle of Midway:◦ Admiral Chester Nimitz commands U.S. forces in

the Pacific

◦ Midway island was a strategic island between Hawaii and Japan

◦ Allies break the Japanese code, win the Battle of Midway, stop Japan again

◦ Allies then begin a strategy of island hopping towards Japan

The Allied Offensive:◦ Allied offensive begins August 1942 in Guadalcanal

◦ October 1944, Allies converge on Leyte Island in the Philippines—return of Gen. MacArthur

The Japanese Defense:◦ Japan uses kamikaze attack—pilots crash bomb-

laden planes into ships

◦ Battle of Leyte Gulf is a disaster for Japan

Imperial Navy is severely damaged; only plays minor role after

Iwo Jima:◦ Iwo Jima is critical as a base from which planes can

reach Japan

◦ 6,000 marines die taking island; of 20,700 Japanese, only 200 survive

2/25/2015

14

Original Photo More Popular Photo

The Battle for Okinawa:◦ April 1945, U.S. Marines invade Okinawa

◦ April—June: 7,600 U.S. troops, 110,000 Japanese die

◦ Allies fear invasion of Japan may mean 1.5 million casualties

The Manhattan Project:◦ J. Robert Oppenheimer is research director for

Manhattan Project

◦ July 1945, atomic bomb tested in New Mexico desert

◦ President Truman orders military to drop 2 atomic bombs on Japan

Hiroshima and Nagasaki:◦ August 6, Hiroshima, a major military center, destroyed

by bomb

◦ 3 days later bomb dropped on Nagasaki

◦ September 2, 1945—Japan surrenders

2/25/2015

15

The Yalta Conference:

◦ February 1945—FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet in Yalta

Discuss post-war world

◦ FDR, Churchill discuss temporarily dividing Germany into 4 parts

◦ Stalin promises free election in Eastern Europe and to fight Japan

◦ FDR gets support for conference to establish the United Nations

The Nuremberg War Trials:◦ Nuremberg Trials—24 Nazi leaders tried and

sentenced Charged with crimes against humanity, war crimes

◦ Established principle that people are responsible for their own actions in war

Occupation of Japan:◦ MacArthur commands U.S. occupation forces in

Japan◦ Over 1,100 Japanese tried, sentenced◦ MacArthur reshapes Japan’s economy, government

Students pair up and work on Section 3 of Chapter 14 study guide.

2/25/2015

16

Chapter 17: The U.S. in WWII

Section 4: The Home Front

1. Describe the economical and social changes that reshaped American life during World War II

2. Summarize both the opportunities and the discrimination African Americans an other minorities experienced during the war

Terms and Names:◦ GI Bill of Rights

◦ James Farmer

◦ Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

◦ Internment

◦ Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)

◦ Korematsu v. United States (1944)

Economic Gains:◦ Factories—because of booming defense industry,

unemployment falls to 1.2% in 1944

Average pay rises 10%

◦ Farmers-prosper from rising crop prices, increase in production

Many able to pay off mortgages

◦ Women prove they can do jobs traditionally held by men

Percentage of women in workforce rises to 35%

2/25/2015

17

Population Shifts:◦ War triggers mass migrations to towns with defense

industries

◦ Look at map on page 591 of your textbook

Social Adjustments:◦ Families are reunited for first time in years

◦ Families learn to cope with new society

◦ Many had married in rush before husband left for overseas—things change

◦ 1944 GI Bill of Rights—pays for education, loan guarantees for homes, new businesses

Civil Rights Protests:◦ Racial tensions rise in overcrowded northern cities◦ Civil rights leader James Farmer founds the interracial

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942 Supposed to deal with rising tensions in the north

◦ 1943 racial violence spreads across country—Detroit riots worst case

Tension in Los Angeles:◦ Zoot Suit Riots—anti-Mexican American riots involve

thousands of servicemen and civilians◦ Mexican-Americans still believed that their wartime

sacrifices would lead to a better future

Japanese Americans Placed in Internment Camps:◦ Hawaii governor forced to order internment

(confinement) of Japanese◦ 1942-FDR orders removal of Japanese Americans from

four states◦ U.S. Army forces 110,000 Japanese Americans into

prison camps◦ 1944 Korematsu v. United States—court rules

internment OK during war◦ After war, Japanese American Citizens League pushes for

compensation◦ 1988-Congress grants $20,000 to everyone sent to

relocation camp

2/25/2015

18

Students pair up and work on Section 4 of Chapter 17 study guide.

Let’s review!

18. Cold War Conflicts