chapter 6: constitution and new republic © 2011, the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights...

Chapter 6: Constitution and New Republic

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Framing a New Government– Advocates of Reform

– Which class and why? Alexander Hamilton

Chapter Six:

The Constitution and the New Republic

Alexander Hamilton (on the Ten Dollar

Bill)

The Convention at

Philadelphia (General Research Division, New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations)

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Framing a New Government– A Divided Convention

The “Founding Fathers” Madison’s

Virginia Plan Paterson’s New Jersey

Plan

Issue #1: State Govt. v. Nat. Govt. Power

• Option #1:• James Madison: The

Virginia Plan• “Bicameral” (2

House) Legislature, based on pop.

• Voters elect “Lower” House

• Lower House elects “Upper” House

• Who likes this idea?

• Option #2:• William Paterson:

The New Jersey Plan• “Unicameral” (1

House) legislature• Each state receives

1 vote (1 state = 1 vote)

• Who supports this idea?

• Continental Congress can’t reach a decision acceptable to everyone

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– Compromise The “Great Compromise” Unresolved Issues?

– The Constitution of 1787 Popular Sovereignty “Checks and Balances” “Tyranny of the people”

protections?

Framing a New Government

BUILDING A NEW GOVERNMENT• SOLUTION:

• Roger Sherman and Franklin: The Great Compromise• Bicameral Legislature

• Upper House: “Senate”• Senators elected by state legislatures• Each state given equal representation

• Lower House: “House of Representatives”• Reps. elected by voters in each state• # of Reps. based on state’s population

• 3/5ths compromise for South.

• Was this a good solution? Opinion?

Representative Democracy and Checks and Balances

THREE – FIFTHS COMPROMISE

To Ratify or Not to Ratify?Jeffersonians

Anti-federalists: AGAINST

RATIFICATION

WHY: Suspect the elite, suspicious of tyranny

WHO: Poor farmers, frontiersmen, states’ rights advocates

Madisonians

Federalists:FOR RATIFICATION

WHY: Stability and Strength needed to secure economy and the high seas

WHO: Propertied classes, merchants, bankers

Map: Federalist and Antifederalist Strongholds, 1787-1790

Federalist and Antifederalist Strongholds, 1787-1790Federalists drew their primary backing from densely populated areas along major transportation routes, where trade, mobility, and frequent contact with people in other states encouraged a nationalistic identity. Antifederalist support came from interior regions where geographic isolation bred a localistic perspective. However, some westerners, especially in Georgia and western Virginia, voted for a strong central government that would push back the Indians or the Spanish . Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Federalist Papers (New York Public Library)

• Adoption and Adaptation

• Needed 9 states technically, but… Federalists

wanted? Anti-

Federalists wanted?

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• Completing the Structure• The Bill of Rights• Establishing

the ExecutiveDepartments• GW and Adams

craft:• BofR• Judiciary Act• State• Treasury• War• Att. Gen.

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Adoption and Adaptation

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Competing National Visions“Centralizers” vs. “Republicans”

• Hamilton and the Federalists•Hamilton’s “Funded” Debt Proposal – National BANK •“Report on Manufactures”

• Enacting the Federalist Program•Objecting to the Funding Bill•Compromise on the National Capital•Division over Hamilton’s Program

Federalists and Republicans

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• The Republican Opposition• Establishment of the Federalist Party• Formation of the Republican Party• Regional and Economic

Differences

Thomas Jefferson (Library of Congress)

Federalists and Republicans

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Establishing National Sovereignty• Securing the West

• Whiskey Rebellion• The Indians’

Ambiguous Status• How did

America do a disservice to the Natives?

• Maintaining Neutrality with France and England• Jay’s Treaty• Pinckney’s Treaty

• What did these two treaties say?

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Establishing National Sovereignty

GW Farewell Address

• “It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one part against another; foments occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption…”

• -What was GW referring to? Does it still seem relevant to today?

• The Election of 1796• John Adams

Elected, factionalism a problem

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The Downfall of the Federalists

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The Downfall of the Federalists– The Quasi War with France

The “XYZ Affair”

What happened? The

“Quasi War”

Protecting American Shipping (Naval Historical Center)

Problems With France

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• Repression and Protest• The Alien and Sedition Acts• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Nullification precedent set – what does this mean?

• The “Revolution” of 1800• Election of 1800• The Judiciary Act of 1801

Downfall of the Federalists….

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Chapter 7:The Jeffersonian Era

Stirrings of Industrialism

• Cotton Gin• Interchangeable

parts• Proliferation of

slavery• Why??

• Transportation Innovations• Robert Fulton’s

Steamboat• The “Turnpike Era”

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Robert Fulton (Portrait Gallery)

The Cotton Gin (National Archives)

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National Road approved 1806

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Change in Transportation/Economy

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Country and City City Life

expanding / clashing with vast majority of Americans

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Jefferson the President

– The Federal City and the “People’s President” L’Enfant’s Vision Reality of Washington, D.C. Jefferson the Politician

Thomas Jefferson (Library of Congress)

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Results Show What?

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Dollars and Ships• Limiting the

Federal Government, taxes, armed forces, debt.

• Challenging the Barbary Pirates

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West Point(U.S. Military Academy, West Point)

Conflict with the Courts

Marbury v. Madison What was the issue?

John Marshall How did he rule?

Jud. Act of 1789 - Legislature expanded the power of the Supreme Court.

They can’t do that….. Judicial Review!!

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John Marshall (Portrait Gallery)

Marbury v. MadisonHISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Establishes the principal of

JUDICIAL REVIEW = the ability of the Court to declare an act of Congress or the President unconstitutional.

“ The critical importance of Marbury is the assumption of several powers by the Supreme Court. One was the authority to declare acts of Congress, and by implication acts of the president, unconstitutional if they exceeded the powers granted by the Constitution. But even more important, the Court became the arbiter of the Constitution, the final authority on what the document meant. As such, the Supreme Court became in fact as well as in theory an equal partner in government, and it has played that role ever since.”

http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/9.htm

Doubling the National Domain

• The Louisiana Purchase• Jefferson’s

Ideological Dilemma

• What was his dilemma?

• How did the negotiations work out?

The US, 1804 (Royalty-Free /CORBIS)

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How did Jefferson justify this purchase?

Doubling the National Domain

– Exploring the West Lewis and Clark Left from the Missouri River Sacajawea

Who was she?

– The Burr Conspiracy Essex Junto Who were they? What did they want to

do? Hamilton and Burr How did their feud intensify?

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Exploring the Louisiana Purchase, 1804-1807

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Expansion and War• Settlers pushing

west, Natives allying with British in North and Spanish in South

• Conflict on the Seas

• Embargo and Blockade• England and France

placed embargoes on each other.

• What was America’s predicament

– Impressment Chesapeake-Leopard

Incident What happened?

– “Peaceable Coercion” Jefferson’s Embargo Madison’s Non-

Intercourse Act Why did these

increase tension domestically and abroad?

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The “Indian Problem” and the British

• The “Indian Problem” and the British• After Chesapeake-Leopard,

tensions began to rise in the West

• William Henry Harrison• What did he want in the West?

• Jefferson’s AssimilationProposal• What were the details? Why

didn’t it work?

• Tecumseh and the Prophet• The Tecumseh Confederacy

• Tried to unite all the tribes against the Americans

• Battle of Tippecanoe• What happened?• Why did it weaken the Tecumseh

Confederacy?

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• Florida and War Fever• Coveted Florida

• Access to Gulf of Mexico• Spain was Britain’s

ally….

• “War Hawks”• Many in the West and

South wanted the spoils!

• Clay and Calhoun Call for War

Henry Clay John C. Calhoun

The War of 1812

– American scored victories early in the War

– Why?

Put-In Bay Oliver Hazard Perry leads

U.S. to victory, takes Lake Erie

Thames Harrison invades Canada,

Tecumseh dies

Horseshoe Bend Huge victory for Jackson in

FL, gained him commission as Major Gen.

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Map: Major Campaigns of the War of 1812

Major Campaigns of the War of 1812The land war centered on the U.S.-Canadian border, the Chesapeake Bay, and the Louisiana and Mississippi Territories.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

British return in 1814, with 4,000 troops

Washington DC is burned August 1814!!

•Battle of Baltimore

•Sept. 1814

•“Star Spangled Banner”

•Francis Scott Key

•VIDEO

Battle of Baltimore

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Battle of New Orleans

• Andrew Jackson fights Battle of New Orleans, last campaign of war

• Andrew Jackson's 5,600 troops—defeat 8,000 better-trained British troops in January of 1815,

• 2K British lost in 30 min, Americans lose 70+!!

• Totally pointless……..• WHY??

•***The battle made Andrew Jackson a national hero, esp. in West and on the frontier.

Federalist Revolution• Federalists were against the war

• Why?

• Hartford Convention

• Daniel Webster• Talks of secession• Once again talked of nullification…

• Battle of New Orleans killed their momentum

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Treaty of Ghent, 1814• Armistice signed Christmas

Eve 1814.

• English think they are winning the war, but news of Battles in NY and Baltimore, along with events in Europe, pressure GB to come to terms.

• MYTH: Americans credit Battle of New Orleans with winning the war.

• TRUTH: More like a draw.

Both sides didn’t realize who had the upper hand!

Chapter 8: Varieties of American Nationalism

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Stabilizing Economic Growth• What was society like

after the war?

• Postwar Economic Problems• Another national bank

was needed!

• Second Bank of the United States

• The Protective Tariff• Why did we pass a

protective tariff? What was the problem?

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Too many states banks were issuing unreliable notes, and they were easy to counterfeit.

James J. Dallas, secretary of the treasury on 2nd BUS

• “The services to be performed by the capital of the bank are important, various, and extensive. They will be required through a period almost as long as is usually assigned to a generation. They will be required for the accommodation of the government in the collection and distribution of its revenue, as well as for the uses of commerce, agriculture, manufactures, and the arts, throughout the Union. They will be required to restore and maintain the national currency; and, in short, they will be required, under every change of circumstances, in a season of war, as well as in the season of peace, for the circulation of the national wealth, which augments with a rapidity beyond the reach of ordinary calculation.”

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Lowell Mills• First textile mills in America• Long hours, harsh conditions, but gave workers a

sense of independence and accomplishment

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Transportation

• Inadequate Transportation System

• Should the Fed. Govt. pay?

• British blockade in the war exposed the weaknesses of American transportation.

National Road 1818

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Great Migration Following the war, many

expanded westward Why?

Population boom 1800-1820 5.3 – 9.6 mil

Land was more attractive Natives were pushed further

West

63

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Old Northwest• Present-day Midwest• Built cabins, cleared out

trees for farms• Some built communities

with schools, churches and stores

• Often pretty mobile

Old Southwest

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• Present-day Deep South• Small farmers originally

settled

• Planation owners expanded into the land

• Sprawling plantations, mansions

Indiana, Miss., Illinois, and Alabama were admitted to the U.S.

Era of Good Feelings

James Monroe (Library of Congress)

• The End of the First Party System

• What was America’s political landscape

• The Virginia Dynasty• What was the dynasty?

• Monroe’s Goodwill Tour

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Era of Good Feelings• John Quincy Adams and Florida

• The Seminole War• Why did we fight this war?

• Adams-Onís Treaty• What did we gain from it?• Why did Spain

compromise with us?

• The Panic of 1819• Tight Credit ruined

many western land deals

© 2011, The

McGraw-Hill

Companies,


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