chapter 6 cognitive development in infancy © 2013 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 6
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
IN INFANCY
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Jean Piaget
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• Adaptation - adjusting to new environments• Mental structures help us adapt• Children actively construct their own cognitive worlds
• Schemes: Organized patterns of information.• Assimilation: Fitting new information into existing
schemes• Accommodation: Adjusting schemes to fit new
information and experiences
COGNITIVE PROCESSES
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• First stage (Birth-2)• Infants construct understanding of the world by
coordinating sensory experiences with motor responses• Six substages focus on:• Simple reflexes• First habits and Primary circular reactions• Secondary circular reactions• Coordination of secondary circular reactions• Tertiary circular reactions (Novelty and curiosity)• Internalization of schemes (Thought)
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
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SUBSTAGES OF THE SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
• Simple Reflexes• Birth to 1 month• Modify reflexes based on experience
• Primary Circular Reactions• 1 to 4 months• Primary = focus on infant’s own body• Circular = repeated behaviors
• Secondary Circular Reactions• 4 to 8 months• Secondary = focus on objects or environmental
events• Track moving objects until they disappear from view
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SUBSTAGES OF THE SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
• Coordination of Secondary Reactions• 8 to 12 months• Coordinate schemes to attain specific goals• Begin to imitate others
• Tertiary Circular Reactions• 12 to 18 months• Deliberate trial and error behaviors
• Internalization of Schemes/Thought• 18 to 24 months• External exploration is replaced by mental
exploration
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• Object permanence: • Understanding that objects continue to exist, even when they
cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched• Neonates show no response to objects not within their immediate
grasp• 2 month - show surprise when a screen is lifted after an object was
placed behind a screen and now is not there– Child makes no effort to search for the missing object
• 6 month - try to retrieve a preferred object partially hidden• 8- to 12-month - try to retrieve objects completely hidden• More recent research – object permanence in some form as early as
2½ - 3½ months
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
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• New way of looking at infants• Piaget’s views need modification; his
explanations of cause are debated
• Object permanence occurs earlier• Gain many skills earlier than Piaget expected
EVALUATING PIAGET’S SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
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Nature vs. Nuture• Core knowledge approach: View that infants
are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems (Spelke, 1991, 2000, 2011).
• Infants have “soft biases to perceive and attend to different aspects of the environment” (Johnston, 2008).
IDEAS STEMMING FROM PIAGET’S WORK
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• Consequences of behavior produce• Classical conditioning - Pairing of new stimulus to
conditioned response• Operant conditioning - Consequences of behavior affect
probability of that behavior reoccurring
CONDITIONING
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• Focusing of mental resources on select information• Habituation - Decreased responsiveness to stimulus
after repeated presentations• Dishabituation - Habituated response recovered after a
change in stimulation
• Joint attention: Occurs when individuals focus on the same object or event and are able to track each other’s behavior• One individual directs another’s attention, and
reciprocal interaction is present
ATTENTION
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• Memory: A central feature of cognitive development, involving the retention of information over time.• Implicit memory: Memory without conscious
recollection; involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed.
• Explicit memory: Conscious memory of facts and experiences
MEMORY
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MEMORY
• Memory
• Neonates show memory for previously exposed stimuli
• By 12 months dramatic improvement in encoding and retrieval
• Rovee-Collier (1993) studies of infant memory
• Given a reminder (priming), improves memory
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• Conditioning techniques are used to study processes like memory
• Consequences of behavior produce• Classical conditioning - Pairing of new stimulus to
conditioned response• Operant conditioning - Consequences of behavior affect
probability of that behavior reoccurring
USE OF CONDITIONING
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• Meltzoff (2007, 2011)– Infant can imitate facial expression within a few days after birth; others disagree
• Deferred imitation: • Imitation that occurs
after a delay of hours
or days• May aid in attachment• Mirror Neurons
IMITATION
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• Concepts: Ideas on what categories represent
• Conceptual categories - Perceptual variability found in 7- to 9-month-old infants
• These categories help us organize our knowledge.
CONCEPT FORMATION AND CATEGORIZATION
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LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
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• Language • Form of communication (verbal, written, gestures)
based on system of symbols; highly organized
• Infinite generativity• Ability to produce endless number of meaningful
sentences using finite set of words and rules
DEFINING LANGUAGE
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• Five systems of rules• Phonology• Morphology• Syntax• Semantics• Pragmatics
LANGUAGE’S RULE SYSTEMS
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• Recognizing language sounds• Babbling and vocalizations• Crying - Present at birth, signals distress• Cooing - Begins about 1 to 2 months• Babbling - Occurs in first year, strings of consonant-
vowel combinations
• Gestures: Begins about 8 to 12 months
HOW LANGUAGE DEVELOPS
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• First words• First words • Infants understand about 50 words at 13 months
(receptive vocabulary)• Overextension and underextension of words• Telegraphic speech
HOW LANGUAGE DEVELOPS
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• Biological• Evolution of CNS and vocal apparatus• Human language about 100,000 years old• Children’s language acquisition similar all over the
world (biological basis)
BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
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• Biological• Broca’s area: Left frontal lobe, produces words• Wernicke’s area: Left hemisphere, involved in
language comprehension• Language acquisition device (LAD): Noam Chomsky’s
term.
BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
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FIGURE 6.15 - BROCA’S AREA AND WERNICKE’S AREA
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• Environmental Influences• Behaviorists: language is complex, learned• Behaviorists’ view cannot explain novelty, learning of a
native language syntax without reinforcements• Motherese (Child-Directed Speech)• Recasting, Expanding, Labeling
• Research• Environment influences language skills• Importance of social context: ‘Wild Boy of Aveyron’
BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
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• Biology and sociocultural experiences contribute to language development
• Parents and teachers construct language acquisition support system
• Children acquire native language without explicit teaching
AN INTERACTIONIST VIEW