chapter 6 bones and skeletal tissues
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Part B Bone Structure. Bones. Bones are organs! Contains various types of tissues Osseous tissue (dominates) Nervous tissue Cartilage Fibrous connective tissue (lining cavities) Muscle and epithelial tissues in blood vessels. Bones. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 6Bones and
Skeletal TissuesPart B
Bone Structure
![Page 2: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Bones• Bones are organs!
–Contains various types of tissues•Osseous tissue (dominates)•Nervous tissue•Cartilage•Fibrous connective tissue (lining cavities)
•Muscle and epithelial tissues in blood vessels
![Page 3: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Bones
• We will look at bone structure on three levels
•Gross•Microscopic•Chemical
![Page 4: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Bone StructureGross Anatomy
Bone Markings, Bone Textures, Bone
Structures
![Page 5: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Bone Markings• Surface features of bones–Sites for attachments for muscles, tendons and ligaments
–Joint surfaces–Passages for nerves and blood vessels
![Page 6: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Bone Markings• Categories of bone markings
–Projections •Bulges that grow outward from the bone surface
–Depressions and openings• Indentations, holes, and cavities
![Page 7: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Projections That Are Sites of Muscle and Ligament Attachment
• Tuberosity – rounded projection• Crest – narrow, prominent ridge of
bone• Trochanter – large, blunt, irregular
surface• Line – narrow ridge of bone• Tubercle – small rounded projection• Epicondyle – raised area above a
condyle• Spine – sharp, slender projection• Process – any bony prominence
![Page 8: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Projections That help to Form Joints
• Head – bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
• Facet – smooth, nearly flat articular surface
• Condyle – rounded articular projection
• Ramus – armlike bar of bone
![Page 9: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Depressions and Openings Allowing Blood Vessels & Nerves to
Pass• Meatus – canal-like passageway• Sinus – cavity within a bone• Fossa – shallow, basinlike
depression• Groove – furrow• Fissure – narrow, slitlike opening• Foramen – round or oval opening
through a bone
![Page 10: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Bone Textures• Compact bone – dense outer
layer–Looks solid to the eye
• Spongy bone – honeycomb or spongy appearance–Has small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae •filled with red or yellow bone marrow
![Page 11: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone• General structure of Long Bones–Diaphysis–Epiphyses–Membranes
![Page 12: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone• Diaphysis
–Shaft constructed of a thick collar of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity
![Page 13: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone• Medullary Cavity–Cavity of the shaft–Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
–Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
![Page 14: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone• Epiphyses
–Expanded ends of long bones
–Exterior is compact bone, interior is spongy bone
– Joint surface is covered with articular cartilage
–Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses
![Page 15: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone• Articular
cartilage–Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
–Made of hyaline cartilage
–Decreases friction at joint surfaces
![Page 16: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone• Epiphyseal Line
–Remnant of epiphyseal plate•Disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone
![Page 17: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone• Membranes of
long bones–Periosteum–Endosteum
![Page 18: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone• Periosteum
–Outside covering of the bone• Except joint surfaces
–Glistening white, double-layered membrane
![Page 19: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone• Periosteum
–Outer Fibrous layer is dense connective tissue
– Inner osteogenic layer (next to bone surface) is mostly osteoblasts (bone germinators) and osteoclasts (bone breakers)
![Page 20: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone• Periosteum
–Richly supplied with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, blood vessels which enter the diaphysis by a nutrient foramen (opening)
![Page 21: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone• Sharpey’s fibers–Secures periosteum to underlying bone
–Made of collagen fibers
–Extends into bone matrix
![Page 22: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone• Arteries
–Supplies bone cells with nutrients
![Page 23: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone• Endosteum
–Delicate connective tissue
–Contains osteoblasts & osteoclasts
![Page 24: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone• Endosteum
–Covers internal surfaces of bone•Medullary cavity•Trabeculae (spongy)
•Canals through compact bone
![Page 25: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Structure of Long Bone
Figure 6.3
![Page 26: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat
Bones
![Page 27: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
• Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered diploë on the inside
• Spongy bone in flat bone is called diploë
![Page 28: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
• Have no diaphysis or epiphyses
• Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae
![Page 29: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Red Bone Marrow
Hematopoietic Tissue
![Page 30: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Location of Hematopoietic Tissue
(Red Marrow)• In infants
–Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone
![Page 31: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Location of Hematopoietic Tissue
(Red Marrow)• In adults
–Found in the diploë of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus
–Remember, the diploë is the spongy bone of flat bones
![Page 32: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Yellow Bone Marrow• Yellow marrow is found in the
medullary cavities • Yellow marrow can revert back to
red marrow if a person becomes very anemic and needs enhanced red blood cell production
![Page 33: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Bone Structure
Microscopic Anatomy
![Page 34: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
• Haversian system, or osteon –the structural unit of compact bone
![Page 35: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
• Each osteon is a group of hollow tubes of bone matrix, called lamella, each one placed outside the next
![Page 36: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
• Each osteon is oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone
![Page 37: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
• Osteons are like tiny weight-bearing pillars
![Page 38: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
• Lamella–The weight-bearing, column—like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen
![Page 39: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
• Haversian, or central canal –channel in the center of the osteon
–containing blood vessels and nerves
![Page 40: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Microscopic Structure of
Compact Bone• Volkmann’s
canals –channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canal
![Page 41: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone
• Osteocytes –Mature bone cells
–Spider-shaped
• Lacunae –small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
![Page 42: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone
• Canaliculi –Tiny, hair-like canals
–connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
–Forms a transport system
![Page 43: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
Figure 6.6a, b
![Page 44: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Chemical Composition of
BoneOrganic components
and inorganic components
![Page 45: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic
• Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells
• Osteocytes – mature bone cells• Osteoclasts – large cells that
resorb or break down bone matrix
• Osteoid – unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen
![Page 46: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Chemical Composition of Bone: Inorganic
• Hydroxyapatites, or mineral salts–Sixty-five percent of bone by mass
–Mainly calcium phosphates–Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression
![Page 47: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Chemical Composition of Bone: Inorganic
• Hydroxyapatites, or mineral salts–Bone is half as strong as steel in resisting compression and fully as strong as steel in resisting tension
–Bones last long after death, sometimes many centuries
![Page 48: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Paris catacombs
![Page 49: Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/56816500550346895dd76df3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Study Guide Pages 123 to top of
126Quiz
Next Time!