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Chapter 6 Approach Chapter 6 Approach Charts Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.4 Precision Approach §6.4 Precision Approach §6.5 Straight-In Approaches §6.5 Straight-In Approaches §6.6 Approaches with Reversal §6.6 Approaches with Reversal s s

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Page 1: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

Chapter 6 Approach ChartsChapter 6 Approach Charts

§6.1 Introduction§6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information§6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches§6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.4 Precision Approach§6.4 Precision Approach §6.5 Straight-In Approaches§6.5 Straight-In Approaches §6.6 Approaches with Reversals §6.6 Approaches with Reversals

Page 2: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

The The standards used in designing standards used in designing these these instrument approaches are governed by instrument approaches are governed by each country’s controlling civil aviation each country’s controlling civil aviation administration (CAA):administration (CAA):

• TERPSTERPS

• PANS-OPSPANS-OPS

• JAR OPSJAR OPS

§§6.1 Introduction6.1 Introduction

Page 3: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

§6.2 Layout and §6.2 Layout and InformationInformationJeppesen’s approach charts are Jeppesen’s approach charts are designed designed

byby pilots for pilotspilots for pilots..

• The HeadingThe Heading• The Plan ViewThe Plan View• Profile ViewProfile View• Landing MinimumsLanding Minimums

Page 4: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

Heading

Profile View

Plan View

Landing Minimum

Page 5: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

§§6.2.1 Heading 6.2.1 Heading

The information in chart heading includes:The information in chart heading includes:• Heading Border Data(Heading Border Data( 图边信息）图边信息）• Communication RowCommunication Row （通信频率）（通信频率）• Pre-Approach Briefing Strip & MSAPre-Approach Briefing Strip & MSA （进近简令条和最低扇区高度）（进近简令条和最低扇区高度）

Page 6: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

§§6.2.1.1 Heading Border 6.2.1.1 Heading Border DataData

• Location NameLocation Name （机场地名）（机场地名）• Procedure IdentifierProcedure Identifier （程序名称）（程序名称）• Chart Index NumberChart Index Number （进近图索引号）（进近图索引号）• Chart DateChart Date （进近图日期）（进近图日期）• Airport Identifier and Airport NameAirport Identifier and Airport Name （机场代码和名称）（机场代码和名称）

Page 7: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

Procedure Identifier

Location Name Procedure Identifier

Page 8: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

• The First Digit represents the airport The First Digit represents the airport number and is an arbitrary number and is an arbitrary assignment.assignment.

• The Second Digit represents the The Second Digit represents the chart type:chart type:

Chart Index Number

Page 9: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

0-Area, DP, SID, STAR, Class B, etc.0-Area, DP, SID, STAR, Class B, etc. 1-ILS, LOC, MLS, LDA (Localizer-type Directional Ai1-ILS, LOC, MLS, LDA (Localizer-type Directional Ai

d), SDF (Simplified Directional Facility)d), SDF (Simplified Directional Facility) 2-RNAV2-RNAV 3-VOR, VOR/DME3-VOR, VOR/DME 4-TACAN4-TACAN 5-RESERVED5-RESERVED 6-NDB6-NDB 7-Reserved7-Reserved 8-PAR, ASR(airport/airfield surveillance radar), Sta8-PAR, ASR(airport/airfield surveillance radar), Sta

nd-Alone GPSnd-Alone GPS 9-VOR DME RNAV, Charted Visual Flight Procedure9-VOR DME RNAV, Charted Visual Flight Procedure

s (CVFP)s (CVFP)

Page 10: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

The chart date may be used to ensure that The chart date may be used to ensure that the chart selected is correct and current. the chart selected is correct and current. Each chart has a chart date and, Each chart has a chart date and, additionally, may have an effective date. additionally, may have an effective date. Dates are expressed in the format of day, Dates are expressed in the format of day, month, year.month, year.

Chart Date

Revision Date Effective Date

Page 11: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

Airport Identifier and Name

Airport Identifier Airport Name

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§§6.2.1.2 Communications Row6.2.1.2 Communications Row

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§§6.2.1.3 Pre-flight Approach 6.2.1.3 Pre-flight Approach Briefing Strip &MSABriefing Strip &MSA

• Primary navigation aidPrimary navigation aid• Final approach course bearingFinal approach course bearing• Check altitude boxCheck altitude box• Lowest minimum altitude. DA(H) or MDA(H)Lowest minimum altitude. DA(H) or MDA(H)• Airport elevationAirport elevation• Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA) graphicMinimum Safe Altitude (MSA) graphic• Missed approach instructionsMissed approach instructions• Additional notes/Altimeter setting informationAdditional notes/Altimeter setting information

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Primary Navigation Aid

Final Approach Course Bearing

Check Altitude Box

Lowest Minimum Altitude

Airport Elevation MSAMissed

Approach

Additional Notes

Page 15: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

Check Altitude BoxCheck Altitude Box

• On On precision precision approaches, it provides approaches, it provides the crossing altitude of the the crossing altitude of the glide slope glide slope at the OMat the OM..

• On On non-precisionnon-precision approaches, it approaches, it contains the contains the altitude at the FAFaltitude at the FAF..

Page 16: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

Lowest Minimum AltitudeLowest Minimum Altitude

• For a precision approach, this box contains For a precision approach, this box contains the lowest the lowest DA(H).DA(H).

• For a non-precision approach, it contains For a non-precision approach, it contains the lowest the lowest MDA(H)MDA(H) for the straight-in for the straight-in landing.landing.

Page 17: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

The The airport elevationairport elevation is the is the highest pointhighest point of an ai of an airport’s usable runways, while the rport’s usable runways, while the TDZETDZE is the is the highest elevation in the highest elevation in the first 3,000 feetfirst 3,000 feet of the la of the landing surface.nding surface.

Terps Pans-opsTerps Pans-ops

Airport ElevationAirport Elevation

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The MSA indicates the minimum altitude you The MSA indicates the minimum altitude you can fly that will provide you with can fly that will provide you with at least at least 1,0001,000 feet of obstruction clearance within feet of obstruction clearance within the given radius of the fix or facility the given radius of the fix or facility designated below the MSA circle (when not designated below the MSA circle (when not specified, the radius isspecified, the radius is 25 25 nautical miles). nautical miles).

The The centercenter of the MSA is normally the of the MSA is normally the locatorlocator on ILS or localizer approaches, the on ILS or localizer approaches, the VORVOR on VOR or VOR/DME approaches, and on VOR or VOR/DME approaches, and the the NDBNDB on NDB approaches. on NDB approaches.

MSAMSA

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Missed Approach Missed Approach InstructionsInstructions

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Altimeter Setting Altimeter Setting Information and Additional Information and Additional NotesNotes

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§§6.2.2 Plan View6.2.2 Plan View

• Scale, TerrainScale, Terrain （（地形地形）） and Elevation syand Elevation symbolsmbols

• Navaid symbolsNavaid symbols• Flight track symbolsFlight track symbols• Airspace fix symbolsAirspace fix symbols

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§§6.2.2.1 Scale, Topographical, 6.2.2.1 Scale, Topographical, and Elevation Symbols and Elevation Symbols

Scale

ElevationMan-made structure Elevation

Navaid Symbology

Missed Approach Track

Contour

Prohibitive Area

longitude

latitudeApproach

TrackFix

Page 23: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

ScaleScale

The plan view is depicted to scale. The plan view is depicted to scale. Normally, this scale is one inch Normally, this scale is one inch equals five nautical miles (equals five nautical miles (1inch=5 1inch=5 nmnm). ).

However, occasionally the length of However, occasionally the length of the approach may require a different the approach may require a different scale factor to be used.scale factor to be used.

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Terrain SymbolsTerrain Symbols

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Airport SymbolsAirport Symbols

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§§6.2.2.2 Navaid Symbology6.2.2.2 Navaid Symbology

• Navaid facilitiesNavaid facilities• Marker beaconsMarker beacons• Facility information boxesFacility information boxes

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Navigation FacilitiesNavigation Facilities

Front Course Back Course

Offset Facility

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VOR & NDBVOR & NDB

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Marker BeaconsMarker Beacons

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Facility Information BoxesFacility Information Boxes

Information box (es) with Information box (es) with shadowshadow means that it is means that it is useused as the main navaid when acting final approach.d as the main navaid when acting final approach.

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§§6.2.2.3 Flight Track 6.2.2.3 Flight Track SymbolsSymbols

Approach procedure flight Approach procedure flight tracktrack

Missed approach trackMissed approach track

Visual flight trackVisual flight track

High level trackHigh level track

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Magnetic Bearings and CoursesMagnetic Bearings and Courses

True CourseTrue Course

Magnetic HeadingMagnetic Heading

(Routes without (Routes without radio aids radio aids guidance)guidance)

Magnetic CourseMagnetic Course

Page 33: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

RadialRadial

Radial

Radial

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Course Reversals and Course Reversals and Procedure TurnsProcedure Turns

Page 35: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

Holding PatternHolding Pattern

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§§6.2.2.4 Airspace Fixes6.2.2.4 Airspace Fixes

• Fixes and Reporting PointsFixes and Reporting Points• WaypointsWaypoints• Computer Navigation Fixes (CNFs) and Computer Navigation Fixes (CNFs) and

Database IdentifiersDatabase Identifiers

Page 37: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

There are basically two categories of fixes, There are basically two categories of fixes, reporting points, and/or waypoints:reporting points, and/or waypoints:

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DME FixesDME Fixes

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WaypointsWaypoints

Page 40: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

Example 1

Non-precision Approach Chart

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Example 2

Precision Approach Chart

Page 42: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

Example 3

Base Turn Approach Procedures

Page 43: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

Example 4

Racetrack pattern Approach Procedures

Page 44: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

Example 5

Procedure Turn Approach Chart

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§§6.2.3 Profile View6.2.3 Profile View

The profile view schematically(The profile view schematically( 直观地） 直观地） pportrays a side view of the approach procortrays a side view of the approach procedure flight path. It begins at the same ledure flight path. It begins at the same location as the plan view and contains mocation as the plan view and contains many of the same symbols; however, it is any of the same symbols; however, it is not drawn to scalenot drawn to scale..

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The symbols in profile view include:The symbols in profile view include:• Flight tracks, including bearings, distances,Flight tracks, including bearings, distances,

times, course reversals, times, course reversals, • Airspace fixes, including FAF, stepdown fix, Airspace fixes, including FAF, stepdown fix,

MAP, visual descent points, and makersMAP, visual descent points, and makers• Altitudes, including the recommended desAltitudes, including the recommended des

cent altitude/heightcent altitude/height• Conversion table missed approach points, Conversion table missed approach points, • Lighting and missed approach iconsLighting and missed approach icons

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§6.2.3.1 Descent Flight §6.2.3.1 Descent Flight TracksTracks

(non) Precision Approach Glide Slope

MLS Glide Path Non-precision Glide Slope

High level approach track

Visual flight track

Page 48: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

Outbound limited by DME

Outbound limited by Time

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§6.2.3.2 Airspace Fixes§6.2.3.2 Airspace Fixes

The flight track from intermediate approaThe flight track from intermediate approach course to final approach course is defch course to final approach course is defined by Marker Beacons, Fixes, Waypointined by Marker Beacons, Fixes, Waypoints and Navaids on the profile view.s and Navaids on the profile view.

FAF/FAP Fix NavaidMAP

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For a For a nonprecision approach procedurenonprecision approach procedure, , the the FAFFAF is indicated on the profile view is indicated on the profile view by a by a Maltese CrossMaltese Cross （马耳他叉）（马耳他叉） , if spe, if specified by the state source.cified by the state source.

FAF/FAPFAF/FAP

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Stepdown FixesStepdown FixesAfter you overfly stepdown fixes, you can fAfter you overfly stepdown fixes, you can f

urther descend to a minimum descent aurther descend to a minimum descent altitude. When you cannot identify a stepltitude. When you cannot identify a stepdown fix, you must level off at the minimdown fix, you must level off at the minimum altitude specified for that fix. um altitude specified for that fix.

Only one stepdown fix normally is permitted between the final approach fix and the missed approach point.

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The MAP (Missed Approach Point) is a point The MAP (Missed Approach Point) is a point prescribed in each instrument approach prescribed in each instrument approach procedure at which a missed approach procedure at which a missed approach procedure must be executed if the required procedure must be executed if the required visual reference has not been achieved.visual reference has not been achieved.

MAPMAP

Precision Approach MAP

Nonprecision Approach MAP

Page 54: Chapter 6 Approach Charts §6.1 Introduction §6.1 Introduction §6.2 Layout and Information §6.2 Layout and Information §6.3 Non-Precision Approaches §6.3

For For precision approachesprecision approaches, the MAP is the p, the MAP is the point where you reach the oint where you reach the DA(H),DA(H), while de while descending on the glide slope. scending on the glide slope.

For For nonprecision approachesnonprecision approaches, the MAP oc, the MAP occurs either at a fix defined by a navaid, curs either at a fix defined by a navaid,

The conversion table will specify the The conversion table will specify the timetime at various speeds from the FAF to the MAat various speeds from the FAF to the MAP.P.

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A A VDP (Visual descent point)VDP (Visual descent point) depicted by the letter depicted by the letter V V in the profile view, in the profile view, represents the point from which represents the point from which you can make a normal descent to a landingyou can make a normal descent to a landing, , provided you have the approach end of the runway provided you have the approach end of the runway in sight and you are at the minimum descent in sight and you are at the minimum descent altitude (MDA) . A descent below the MDA should altitude (MDA) . A descent below the MDA should not be started prior to reaching the VDP.not be started prior to reaching the VDP.

VDPVDP

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§6.2.3.3 Altitudes§6.2.3.3 Altitudes

The profile view shows The profile view shows minimum altitudesminimum altitudes along along the flight track. the flight track. All altitudes are given above QAll altitudes are given above QNH in feet,NH in feet, followed by a parenthetical( followed by a parenthetical( 放在括放在括号里的） 号里的） number which represent height abovnumber which represent height above the airport elevation (HAA).e the airport elevation (HAA).

• TDZE is the highest elevation in the first 3,000 fTDZE is the highest elevation in the first 3,000 feet of the landing surface.eet of the landing surface.

• TCH (Threshold Crossing Height)TCH (Threshold Crossing Height) is a theoretic is a theoretical height above the runway threshold when yoal height above the runway threshold when you are established on the glide slope descent pu are established on the glide slope descent path.ath.

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§6.2.3.4 Conversion Tables§6.2.3.4 Conversion Tables

• For a For a precision approachprecision approach, the table lists , the table lists the glide slope angle,groundspeed and tthe glide slope angle,groundspeed and the rate of descent for the ILS glide slope he rate of descent for the ILS glide slope (descent in feet per minute).(descent in feet per minute).

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• For nonprecision approaches, the table rFor nonprecision approaches, the table relates groundspeed to the distance from elates groundspeed to the distance from the FAF (the LOM or similar fix) and showthe FAF (the LOM or similar fix) and shows the time in minutes and seconds to fly s the time in minutes and seconds to fly from FAF or other specified fix to MAP.from FAF or other specified fix to MAP.

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• For combined ILS and LOC For combined ILS and LOC approaches, only one descent table approaches, only one descent table is provided when the ILS glide slope is provided when the ILS glide slope angle and the descent gradient of angle and the descent gradient of the LOC approach are coincidental.the LOC approach are coincidental.

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§6.2.3.5 Lighting Icons§6.2.3.5 Lighting Icons

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PAPI: Precision Approach Path indicatorPAPI: Precision Approach Path indicator

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Standard 2-bar VASIStandard 2-bar VASI

VASI: Visual approach slop indicatorVASI: Visual approach slop indicator

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Missed Approach IconsMissed Approach Icons

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§§6.2.4 Landing Minimums6.2.4 Landing Minimums

The landing minimums table, found at The landing minimums table, found at the bottom of the Jeppesen approach the bottom of the Jeppesen approach chart, contains two types of chart, contains two types of minimums that must both be met in minimums that must both be met in order to legally complete the order to legally complete the approach to landing:approach to landing:

• DA(H)/MDA(H)DA(H)/MDA(H)

• VIS/RVRVIS/RVR

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§§6.2.4.1 Type of Procedure6.2.4.1 Type of Procedure

Landing minimums are affected by any or Landing minimums are affected by any or all of the following factors:all of the following factors:

• Straight-in Straight-in • SidestepSidestep （旁侧进近）（旁侧进近）• Circle-to-LandCircle-to-Land

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§6.2.4.2 Type of Approach§6.2.4.2 Type of Approach

Another differentiation made in the landinAnother differentiation made in the landing minimums table is the type of approacg minimums table is the type of approach.h.

• Category Category II Precision Precision• Category II/III PrecisionCategory II/III Precision• NonprecisionNonprecision• MultipleMultiple Approach Types Approach Types

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Category III precision approaches Category III precision approaches typically do not have a decision typically do not have a decision altitude and require special altitude and require special certification for the operator and the certification for the operator and the individual pilot.individual pilot.

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Occasionally, a chart portrays Occasionally, a chart portrays more more than onethan one type of approach procedure type of approach procedure on the same chart. In that case, on the same chart. In that case, multiple sets of straight-in minimums multiple sets of straight-in minimums are provided.are provided.

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§6.2.4.3 Aircraft Approach §6.2.4.3 Aircraft Approach CategoryCategory

The type of aircraft affects the landing The type of aircraft affects the landing minimums. The landing minimums minimums. The landing minimums table includes divisions for each of table includes divisions for each of four aircraft categories.four aircraft categories.

Each aircraft is placed into an aircraft Each aircraft is placed into an aircraft approach category based on its approach category based on its computed computed approach speedapproach speed. This speed . This speed equals equals 130%130% of the aircraft’s of the aircraft’s stall stall speedspeed in the in the landing configurationlanding configuration at at the the maximum certificated landing maximum certificated landing weight.weight.

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§6.2.4.4 Inoperative §6.2.4.4 Inoperative Components or Visual AidsComponents or Visual Aids

Landing minimums usually Landing minimums usually increase increase when a when a required radio navigation component or required radio navigation component or visual aid becomesvisual aid becomes inoperative inoperative. .

Regulation permit you to make Regulation permit you to make substitutions substitutions for certain components when the for certain components when the component is component is inoperativeinoperative, or is , or is not utilizednot utilized during an approach.during an approach.

For example, on an For example, on an ILS approachILS approach, a , a compass compass locator or precision approach radar may locator or precision approach radar may be substituted for the outer markerbe substituted for the outer marker where where so depicted in the profile view.so depicted in the profile view.

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When the When the ILS glide slope is inoperativeILS glide slope is inoperative, th, the procedure becomes e procedure becomes a nonprecisiona nonprecision loc localizer approach, raising the minimum altalizer approach, raising the minimum altitude to which you can descend, and chaitude to which you can descend, and changing to a minimum descent altitude ratnging to a minimum descent altitude rather than a decision altitude.her than a decision altitude.

Glide SlopeGlide Slope

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Sometimes Sometimes lower minimumslower minimums are allowed when y are allowed when you can identify ou can identify a particular fix in a nonprecisioa particular fix in a nonprecision final approach segmentn final approach segment..

Although DME may not be required to fly the speAlthough DME may not be required to fly the specific approach procedure, the ability to identifcific approach procedure, the ability to identify a DME fix provides lower minimums.y a DME fix provides lower minimums.

DME FixesDME Fixes

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Whether or not Whether or not certain lighting certain lighting systemssystems (typically approach lights, (typically approach lights, centerline lights, or touchdown zone centerline lights, or touchdown zone lights) are working lights) are working affects the affects the visibility requirementsvisibility requirements for the for the approach procedure.approach procedure.

LightingLighting

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Middle MarkerMiddle Marker

Although in the U.S, the FAA has eliminateAlthough in the U.S, the FAA has eliminated the penalty(d the penalty( 处罚） 处罚） for an inoperative for an inoperative middle marker, a few countries (such as middle marker, a few countries (such as Brazil, Chain Taipei ) continue the penaltBrazil, Chain Taipei ) continue the penalty.y.

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Altimeter SettingAltimeter SettingWhen an altimeter setting is derived from a remote When an altimeter setting is derived from a remote

source more than source more than 5 miles5 miles from the airport from the airport reference pointreference point, rather than a local altimeter, the , rather than a local altimeter, the DA(H) or MDA(H) is DA(H) or MDA(H) is increasedincreased by a factor that by a factor that considers both the remote altimeter as well as considers both the remote altimeter as well as the elevation difference between the landing the elevation difference between the landing airport and the remote altimeter airport.airport and the remote altimeter airport.

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§6.2.4.5 Airport Operating §6.2.4.5 Airport Operating SpecificationsSpecifications

There are There are three three primary specifications that Jeppesen appprimary specifications that Jeppesen applies when determining minimums:lies when determining minimums:

• ICAO Document 9365, ICAO Document 9365, Manual of All-Weather OperationManual of All-Weather Operationss

• Joint Aviation Regulations Operations (JAR OPS-1 SubpJoint Aviation Regulations Operations (JAR OPS-1 Subpart E)art E)

• FAA Handbook 8260.3B TERPSFAA Handbook 8260.3B TERPS

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§6.2.4.6 Other Factors§6.2.4.6 Other Factors

In addition to those factors covered in In addition to those factors covered in this lesson, many other factors may this lesson, many other factors may affect landing minimums, especially affect landing minimums, especially those in the circle-to-land column.those in the circle-to-land column.

Frequently, these restrictions are due Frequently, these restrictions are due to critical terrain or obstacles, to critical terrain or obstacles, prohibitions to overfly nearby prohibitions to overfly nearby residence areas, or for noise residence areas, or for noise abatement.abatement.

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Time of Day

Direction

Runway

Terrain

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Example

Non-precision Approach Chart

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Example

Precision Approach Chart

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Example

Straight-in Approach Chart

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Example

Procedure Turn Approach Chart

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Example

Base Turn Approach Procedures

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Example

Racetrack pattern Approach Procedures

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§6.8 Circling Approach§6.8 Circling Approach

A circling approach is a procedure that A circling approach is a procedure that involves executing an approach to involves executing an approach to one runway and then landing on one runway and then landing on another.another.

Several situations any require you to Several situations any require you to execute a circling approach. execute a circling approach.

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§6.8.2 §6.8.2 Restrictions of Circle-to-Restrictions of Circle-to-LandLand

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Restricted by Direction

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Restricted by Available Equipment or Navaids

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Restricted by Time or Weather

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Restricted by Aircraft Categories

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Limited Protected Area

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Example

Missed Approach Procedures

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