CHAPTER 6

RELIGION

FOCUS ON THE FOLLOWING IN THIS CHAPTER

1. Universal vs. Ethnic2. Major Universal and Ethnic characteristics (where are

they, percentage of world population…)3. Major branches of those religions4. Where are the major religions and their major

branches and why are they there? (ex. Historical migration patterns)

5. How do different religions affect the environment? (ex. burial practices)

6. Examples of religious tension/fighting/war (ex. Northern Ireland)

GEOGRAPHERS & RELIGION…• Geographers are concerned with

the process of how religions diffuse and possible conflicts

• Examine how religions have a two way relationship with the environment; how does a religion use and affect space

• They want to understand why some are widespread and others are clustered in specific places

ISSUE #1

Where are Religions Distributed?

TYPES OF RELIGIONS

UNIVERSALIZING• Attempt to be global

• Appeal to all people, regardless of location or culture

• About 58% of the world’s population

• Are divided into branches, denominations, and sects– Know the difference

ETHNIC• Appeal primarily to one

group in one place

• About 26% of world’s population

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS

CHRISTIANITY BUDDHISM

ISLAM

There are others, but these are the 3 largest

ETHNIC RELIGIONS

HINDUISM

CONFUCIANISM

DAOISM (TAOISM)

SHINTOISM

JUDAISM

AFRICAN RELIGIONS

NONRELIGIOUS

• This group consists of people who have no religious interest and don’t’ participate in any organized religious activity

• What is the difference between atheism and agnosticism?

CHRISTIANITY• Has more than 2 billion followers

• Largest and most widely distributed religion in the world– Where is it predominant?

• 3 major branches are Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox– Read about them on page 186

• About 90% of people in the Western Hemisphere are Christian– About 93% of Latin America is Roman Catholic

but only about 40% of North America is, why?– Past immigration patterns explain the

distribution of religion in the Americas

Percentage of faiths in the United States

ISLAM• Islam means “submission to the will of god”

– a follower of Islam is called a Muslim (one who surrenders to God)

– About 1.5 billion followers

• Predominates from North Africa and the Middle East to Central Asia

– 50% of world’s Muslims live in 4 countries outside of the Middle East (Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India)

• 2 main branches are Sunni and Shiite (Shia); know the differences

• Muslim population in Europe and North America is increasing –why?

– France?– Pattern of immigration to U.S.?– What is the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims)?

BUDDHISM• Located primarily in East Asia

and Southeast Asia

• 3 main branches are Mahayana, Theravada, Vajrayana (know the differences)

• Accurate count is difficult because:1. Few participate in Buddhist

institutions2. Differs from Western concept of

a formal religion3. Communism in China

OTHER UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS

• Next 2 largest are Sikhism and Baha’i

• Sikhism – about 23 million followers; most in India

• Baha’i – about 7 million followers; most in Africa and Asia

ETHNIC RELIGIONS

• You are responsible for this section, pages 190-191.

• Voodo Vid

ISSUE #2

Why do Religions Have Different Distributions?(read and know the intro!!!)

GEOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN UNIVERSALIZAING & ETHNIC RELIGIONS

• Some major differences are:1. Location of their origins2. Process by which they diffused3. Types of places that are considered holy4. Calendar dates identified as important holidays5. Attitudes about modifying the physical

environment

ORIGINS

UNIVERSALIZING• Specific places of origin

• Based on the life of one man

(ex. Christianity-Jesus, Islam-Muhammad, Buddhism-Siddhartha)

ETHNIC• Unknown/unclear origins

• not identified with one specific individual

(ex. Hinduism-Indian culture over several centuries)

- Judaism is an exception

ORIGIN OF BUDDHISM• Founder is Siddhartha

Gautama (563 B.C)– Born a Hindu in present-day

Nepal– Life changed after 4 trips– Left home for years,

meditated, searched for answers

– Emerged as the Buddha (Enlightened One)

– Foundation of his teachings include the 4 Noble Truths and Fold Path

Ruins of shrines constructed around Buddha’s birthplace in Lumbini, Nepal

ORIGIN OF CHRISTIANITY• Founder is Jesus (8-4 B.C.)

– Born a Jew in modern-day Israel (Bethlehem)

– Followers were disciples– Preached about the Kingdom

of God– Put to death by Roman gov’t– Believers see his as the son of

God, part of the Holy Trinity– His story/teachings are

written in the New Testament of the Bible

This tomb in the center of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem was erected on the site where Jesus is thought to have been buried and resurrected

ORIGIN OF ISLAM• Founder is Muhammad

(570)– Born in modern-day Saudi

Arabia (Mecca)– While meditating he

received revelations from God (Allah) through the angel Gabriel; written down in the Quran/Koran; written in Arabic

– Foundation of his teaching are the 5 Pillars

Muhammad is buried under the green dome in the Mosque of the Prophet in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. The mosque, built on the site of Muhammad’s house, is the

second holiest in Islam and the second largest mosque in the world

The shrine of Imam Ali, in Najaf, Iran, contains the tomb of Ali, from whom traces the Shiite branch of Islam

ORIGIN OF HINDUISM• Did not originate with a

single founder• Existed prior to recorded

history• Term Hinduism originated in

the 6th century B.C.• Religion was brought to India

by Aryans from Central Asia around 1400 B.C.

• objects related to the religion date back to 2500 B.C.

Mount Kailas in Tibet is a place of eternal bliss in Hinduism, as well as several other religions. Because of its importance, no human in recorded history has ever climbed to its summit. Hindus believe that this mountain is home of Lord Siva (Shiva), who is

the destroyer of evil and sorrow

Diffusion of Universalizing Religions--- All three spread from one specific hearth, based on the life of a particular founder, and spread by followers/missionaries. All hearths are located in Asia. Buddhism’s hearth is in present-day Nepal and northern India, Christianity’s in present-day Israel, and Islam’s in present-day Saudi Arabia. Buddhism diffused primarily toward East Asia and Southeast Asia, Christianity west toward Europe, and Islam west toward northern Africa and east toward southwestern Asia. Read pages 196-198!

DIFFUSION – ETHNIC(read pages 198-199!)

• Limited to no diffusion; usually by relocation diffusion

• Unlike universalizing, they don’t have missionaries that spread them

• They are often either replaced by URs or mix with them– Ex. Traditional African religious

mixing with Christianity– 70% of Japanese say they are

Buddhist, 90% say they are Shinto (huh?)

• Judaism the exception to this trend – it’s practiced in many countries, not just location of its origins

• Creation of Israel in 1948 changed the distribution – how so?

• What is a ghetto?

TYPE 2

1. List 3 universalizing religions and 3 ethnic religions

2. List 3 major differences between universalizing and ethnic religions

3. List the primary locations of the 3 universalizing religions (use regions, not countries – for ex. Western Hemisphere, Eastern Europe….)

ISSUE #3

Why do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?

(AP test likes questions about the impact of religion on space)

SACRED SPACE• How religions distribute their

elements across land depends on their beliefs/values

• distributions range from very small (cemetery) to very large (entire communities - ex. Salt Lake City, Utah)

• Most significant land use is for burial and religious settlements

Places of Worship• All major religions have these

structures/buildings

• The function of these locations influences the arrangement of them over the landscape

• Have different characteristics, purposes, meanings….

• The distribution of these religious elements on the landscape reflects the importance of religion for that particular society

Christianity – Church (sanctified for public worship)

Islam – Mosque (public assembly)

Hinduism – Temple (more for shrines, home is used more for worship)

Buddhism, Shintoism – Pagodas (contain relics)

Know the others on page 201

BUILDINGS OF WORSHIP VIDEOS

Hindu Temple

Muslim Mosque

Jewish Synagogue

Christian Church

The Dhamek pagoda, in Deer Park, Sarnath, India was built in the third century B.C., and is probably the oldest surviving Buddhist structure in the world

A Bha’I house of worship; Shrine of the Bab in Haifa, Israel

Sikh Golden Temple of Amritsar, India. This is the most holy structure of Sikhs, most of whom live in northwest India.

Church – St. Paul’s in London

Blue Mosque - Turkey

Blue Mosque - Turkey

Hindu Temple - India

Pagoda - China

HOLY PLACESUNIVERSALIZING

• Tend to be tied to places related to the founder (cities, villages…)

Ex. Mecca for Muhammad/Islam

ETHNIC• Tend to be tied to the

physical environment of the hearth (mountains, rivers…)

Ex. Ganges River for Hindus

BUDDHIST SHRINES

• 8 places are holy to Buddhists because they were the location of important events in the life of Buddha

Buddhist Temple

Bodh Gaya, India

HOLY PLACES IN ISLAM

• Holiest places are those associated with Muhammad

• Makkah (Mecca) – holiest city for Muslims– General meaning of

Mecca in English?– Significance of the Ka’ba

and the Hajj?

The black cube-like Ka’ba at the center of Masjid al-Haram (Great Mosque) in Makkah is Islam’s holiest

object

THE LANDSCAPE IN ETHNIC RELIGIONS

• A major reason ER’s are so clustered is that they are so closely connected to the physical geography of particular places

HINDUISM

LANDSCAPE• Geography of India is

crucial, especially rivers/riverbanks and coastlines

• Pilgrimages to these places is very important

• Ganges is the holiest river for Hindus

TEMPLES• Like many ERs, sacred

worship takes place more at home than communal buildings

• Temples are built to house shrines and serve as homes for deities

Ritual Bathing in the Ganges River

Hindu pilgrims achieve purification by bathing in the Ganges.

COSMOGONY

- Read this section on 204-205. Look at how universalizing and ethnic religions differ in the following:- Creation of the world? How?- Interaction with nature?- Modification of nature?

SACRED SPACE - BURIAL• Climate, topography, and doctrine

combine to create different burial practices

• Use of cemeteries (Christianity, Judaism, Islam)– Health concerns– Bodies facing certain direction– Used as parks– Take up valuable land (ex. China now

encouraging cremation)

• Not all bury dead (ex. Cremation for Hindus)– Other ways to dispose of the dead?

Stonehenge, in southwest England, was constructed between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago

Sunrise on the Solstice at Stonehenge. Stones were apparently aligned with regard for the solstice.

Fatimid cemetery in Aswan, Egypt, is approximately 1,000 years old

Family members cover a body with wood for cremation in Agra, India

Zoroastrians placed bodies in the pit in the center of the tower. The practice has been

discontinued.

SACRED SPACE – RELIGIOUS SETTLEMENTS

• Most settlements serve an economic purpose, some serve a religious one– Utopian societies (Salt

Lake City)– Religious impact on

colonial settlements (clustered settlement patterns of Puritans in New England)

SACRED SPACE – RELIGIOUS PLACE NAMES

• Roman Catholics often give place names (also called ?????) to settlements, particularly in the new world– Quebec– U.S. Southwest

Place Names in Québec

Fig. 6-12: Place names in Québec show the impact of religion on the landscape. Many cities and towns are named after saints.

CALENDAR

UNIVERSALIZING

• Holidays based primarily on significant events of the founder’s life

Ex. - birth of Jesus (Christians) - Siddhartha’s birth

(Buddhists)

ETHNIC

• Holidays based primarily on physical geography of the homeland (seasons and agriculture)

• Holidays tend to be more clustered than those of URs – why?

Ex. - Holi for Hindus - Bontok of the Philippines

CALENDARS - ETHNIC• Prominent feature of ERs is the

celebration of seasons – particularly for agriculture

• Judaism – major holidays based on agriculture in Israel

– Later gained importance because they commemorate events in the story of the Exodus

– Exs. – Passover, Sukkot, Shavuot, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur

• Use a lunar calendar

• Solstice has a significant meaning for many ethnic religions (shortest and longest days of year – see page 205)

CALENDARS - UNIVERSALIZING• Prominent feature is celebrating events

of the founder’s life

• Islam uses a lunar calendar, Christianity a solar

• Holidays arrive in different seasons from generation to generation when using a lunar calendar(ex. Ramadan for Muslims)

• Not all members of URs celebrate same holidays on same day ( ex. Easter, Buddha’s birth)

• See examples on pages 208-209

On the holiday of Sukkot, Jews carry lulav (branches of date palm entwined with myrtle and willos) and an etrog

(yellow citron) to symbolize gratitude for the many agricultural bounties offered by God

Islam and Judaism use lunar calendars. The appearance of the new Moon, seen here over the Jumairah Mosque in Dubai, United Arab

Emirates, marks the new month in Judaism and Islam and is a holiday for both religions

Eating food during a street celebration on the night before the start of fasting for Ramadan in Istanbul, Turkey

ADMINISTRATION OF SPACE

• URs tend to have much more structure and organization than ERs – why?

• Hierarchical Religions – Have a well-defined

geographic structure and organize territories into local administrative units

– Exs. – Roman Catholicism, Latter-Day Saints

ADMINISTRATION OF SPACE cont.• Some URs are highly

autonomous

• Autonomous Religions– Are self-sufficient, and

interaction among communities is confined to little more than loose cooperation and shared ideas

– Exs. – Islam, Protestantism, Judaism, Hinduism (many ERs)

The Roman Catholic Church divides the United States into provinces, each headed by an archbishop. Provinces are subdivided into dioceses, each headed by a bishop. The archbishop of a provinces also serves as the

bishop of a diocese. Dioceses that are headed by archbishops are called archdioceses.

Muslims are called to prayer by a muezzin, who recites the shahadah

ISSUE #4

Why do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups?

RELIGIOUS CONFLICT• Since WWII local conflicts in

areas of cultural diversity have increased (often religiously based)

• Inflexible religious views = conflict

• a rise of fundamentalism has contributed to more intense religious conflict

RELIGION v. GOVERNMENT POLICIES

• Role of religion in organizing the earth’s surface has been diminished in some areas, largely due to political and economic change

• Religious people may oppose government policies they see as conflicting with their traditional religious values

– Examples in the U.S.?

Know examples of how for each of the following:– Islam particularly affected– Hinduism and West– Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Communism

– Sharia Law in Canada vid

VS.

TALIBAN vs. WESTERN VALUES

• What is the Taliban?– Gained control of

Afghanistan in 1996– Imposed very strict laws

based on their interpretation of Islamic law

• Examples on p.212• U.S. overthrew the

Taliban after 9/11/01 – why?

(top) An image taken in 1998 of a 55 – meter (180 – foot) statue of Buddha in Bamiyan, Afghanistan. (bottom) The empty niche after the Taliban destroyed the statue in 2001.

HINDUISM vs. SOCIAL EQUALITY

• British colonial rulers imposed their social and moral concepts in India in the 1800s– Challenged the caste

system– origins and structure of

the caste system?– caste system in recent

years?

Young boys of the Brahman, Kshatriya, and Vaisya castes perform a ceremony to mark the beginning of their studies

A Dalit cleans the streets in India

RELIGION vs. GOVERNMENT POLICIES

Religion v. Communism

Vs.

RELIGION vs. COMMUNISM cont.

Former Soviet Union• After the revolution of 1917 the

gov’t pursued anti-religious policies– Know examples on page 214

• Marx called religion the “opium of the people” – what does this mean?

• The collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s brought about a revival of religious activity

Southeast Asia• Buddhists were hurt by the

Vietnam War – why?

• Current communists gov’ts in SE Asia discourage religious activities– Know examples on page 214

A Russian Orthodox cathedral has stood at the center of Moscow since the sixteenth century. The communists turned it

into a museum.

Angkor Wat, Cambodia, considered one of the world’s most important Hindu and Buddhists shrines, was vandalized by the

Khmer Rouge.

POTALA PALACE

RELIGION vs. RELIGION

Catholic v. Protestant Christian v. Muslim

Sunni v. Shiite Hindu v. Muslim

Know these examples

RELIGIOUS WARS IN IRELAND• Worst religious boundary in W. Europe is on the island of Ireland, which consists of the

following….

• Republic of Ireland – 87% Roman Catholic

• Northern Ireland (UK) – 46% Protestant and 42% Roman Catholic

• Island became part of the UK in 1801

• Declared independence in 1937, members of the North chose to stay part of the UK (why?)

• RCs victimized by discrimination in the Northern Ireland – fighting between RCs and Ps has led to more than 3,000 deaths since 1968– IRA - UDF

• Majority want peace, extremist elements make that difficult

UNITED KINGDOM

IRELAND cont.

Fig 6-14: When Ireland became independent

in 1937, 26 northern districts with large Protestant

populations chose to remain part of the United Kingdom.

Catholic Protestors in Northern Ireland

RELIGIOUS WARS – MIDDLE EAST• Jews, Christians and Muslims have been

fighting over land for centuries (historical name is Palestine)

• Jews - trace their origins here (Promised Land) ; religion and culture developed there; kicked out by the Romans in A.D. 70

• Christians – major events of Jesus’ life centered here and Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century

• Muslims – Jerusalem is their third holiest city, believe Muhammad ascended to heaven from there– Have controlled this area for most of the past

1,500 years

CRUSADES• Muslim empire expanded

quickly after Muhammad’s death (632) across northern Africa and into Europe

• Beginning in 1099 the Christians in WE launched a series of military campaigns to regain the holy land (lasted about 150 years, gain, and then lose, control of the holy land)

JEWS vs. MUSLIMS IN PALESTINE• Ottoman Empire (Muslim) ruled Palestine

from 1500s – 1917 (what happened in 1917?)

• UN voted to partition it into 2 countries, Jewish and Muslim in 1947 (what about Jerusalem?)

• 1948 – Jews declare their country, Arab neighbors attack the next day

• Armistice in 1949 divided control of Jerusalem

• 3 more wars fought between Israel and its neighbors:– 1956, 1967 (Six Days War), 1973

Camp David Accords - 1979

ISRAEL TODAY

Boundary Changes in Palestine/Israel

The UN partition plan for Palestine in 1947 contrasted with the boundaries that were established after the 1948-49 War. Major changes later resulted from the 1967 War.

The UN partition plan for Palestine in 1947 contrasted with the boundaries that were established after the 1948-49 War. Major changes later resulted from the 1967 War.

CONFLICT – ISRAELI PERSPECTIVE

• Major geographic considerations:1. Major population centers are close to int’l

borders (vulnerable)2. Landforms (northern hills, West Bank, Golan

Heights)3. Israel is a small country surrounded by enemies

CONFLICT – PALESTINIAN PERSPECTIVES

• After 1973 the Palestinians emerged as Israel’s primary opponent– Know 5 groups considering themselves Palestinians

• Palestinians are very angry with Jewish settlements in the West Bank, consider this area their historical homeland as well

• Role of the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization)

• Some Palestinians (ex. Fathah Party) are willing to accept the existence of while others (ex. Hamas) are not

The physical geography of Israel/Palestine consists of narrow coastal lowlands and interior highlands interrupted by the Jordan River valley

Israel, the West Bank and GazaPolitical and Physical maps

The West Bank and Gaza have been under Israeli control since 1967, and numerous Israeli settlements have been established there. The area includes three physical regions: the coastal plain, the hills, and the Jordan River Valley.

Section of Israeli Security Barrier

A typical section of the security barrier built by Israel in the West Bank.

Israel’s Barrier in the West Bank

The planned route of Israel’s security barrier in the West Bank includes many of Israel’s settlements in the territory.

Whose Land is it Anyway vid

JERUSALEM: CONTESTED GEOGRAPHY

• The geography of the city makes a solution very difficult– The most sacred space in the city for Muslims was built on top of the

most sacred space for Jews

• Jerusalem is important to Jews for reasons such as…– location of the Temple built by Solomon– Western Wall (why is it called the Wailing Wall?)

• Jerusalem is important to Muslims for reasons such as….– Location of the Dome of the Rock built in 691– Al-Aqsa Mosque

Jerusalem

- in the end, it all comes down to Jerusalem, no agreement on Jerusalem = continued tension

The Old City of Jerusalem contains holy sites for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

(left) Route of the West Bank barrier. (right) The barrier separating Palestinian land (foreground) from a Jewish settlement near Jerusalem (rear).

The large rock, which is under the golden dome of the Dome of the Rock is believed by Jews, Christians, and Muslims to be the place where Abraham

was prepared to sacrifice his son. The son to be sacrificed was Isaac according to Jews and Christians, and Ishmael according to Muslims.

A crowd of Jews are praying at the Wester n Wall (right), situated immediately below the mount containing Islam’s Dome of the

Rock (top left) and al-Aqsa Mosque (top right).

Chapter 6: Review

Which of the following is not a universalizing religion?

a) Buddhismb) Christianityc) Judaismd) Islame) Sikhism

Which of the following is not a universalizing religion?

a) Buddhismb) Christianityc) Judaismd) Islame) Sikhism

Explanation:Whereas universalizing religions actively seek converts, Judaism is an ethnic religion.

Roman Catholicism predominates in which of the following areas?

a) Northern Europeb) East Asiac) Canada d) South Americae) Australia

Roman Catholicism predominates in which of the following areas?

a) Northern Europeb) East Asiac) Canada d) South Americae) Australia

Explanation:South America’s colonization by Spain and Portugal brought Roman Catholicism to the continent.

Which of the following is not one of the five pillars of Islam?

a) Accept Allah as the one Godb) Donate to charitiesc) Fast during the month of Ramadan d) Make a pilgrimage to Jerusaleme) Pray five times daily

Which of the following is not one of the five pillars of Islam?

a) Accept Allah as the one Godb) Donate to charitiesc) Fast during the month of Ramadan d) Make a pilgrimage to Jerusaleme) Pray five times daily

Explanation:Pilgrimages are to be made to Makkah, not Jerusalem.

In which region is the largest number of adherents to ethnic religions found?

a) Africab) East Asiac) Eastern Europed) South Americae) North America

In which region is the largest number of adherents to ethnic religions found?

a) Africab) East Asiac) Eastern Europed) South Americae) North America

Explanation:Several hundred million people in East Asia practice Confucianism, Daoism, and Shintoism.

Christianity initially spread from Palestine by ___________ diffusion.

a) contagiousb) expansionc) hierarchical d) relocatione) stimulus

Christianity initially spread from Palestine by ___________ diffusion.

a) contagiousb) expansionc) hierarchical d) relocatione) stimulus

Explanation:Christianity initially diffused by the efforts of missionaries.

Complete the following analogy: Lumbini is to Buddhists as

a) Beijing is to Confucianism. b) Bethlehem is to Jews.c) Delhi is to Sikhs.d) Makkah is to Muslims.e) Tokyo is to Shintoism.

Complete the following analogy: Lumbini is to Buddhists as

a) Beijing is to Confucianism. b) Bethlehem is to Jews.c) Delhi is to Sikhs.d) Makkah is to Muslims.e) Tokyo is to Shintoism.

Explanation:Among universalizing religions, Buddhism and Islam have the largest number of holy places.

Complete the following analogy: Christianity is to church as

a) Islam is to mosque.b) Judaism is to synagogue.c) Buddhism is to temple.d) Baha’i is to House of Worship. e) All of the above are correct.

Complete the following analogy: Christianity is to church as

a) Islam is to mosque.b) Judaism is to synagogue.c) Buddhism is to temple.d) Baha’i is to House of Worship. e) All of the above are correct.

Explanation:Religious buildings are important parts of the cultural landscape. Christians alone consider their buildings to be sacred.

As a result of the 1967 war, Israel captured which strategically important territory?

a) The coastal plain near Tel Avivb) The east bank of the Jordan River valleyc) The hills paralleling the coast and Jordan River d) The desert oases of Saudi Arabiae) None of the above is correct.

As a result of the 1967 war, Israel captured which strategically important territory?

a) The coastal plain near Tel Avivb) The east bank of the Jordan River valleyc) The hills paralleling the coast and Jordan River d) The desert oases of Saudi Arabiae) None of the above is correct.

Explanation:The land between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River is divided into three regions: coastal plain, highlands, and river valley.

The caste system in India

a) places Shudras at the top of the hierarchy.b) was created by the Aryan invaders of India.c) does not affect how individual Hindus practice

the religion.d) is enforced by official government policies.e) sees the “untouchables” as closest to

enlightenment.

The caste system in India

a) places Shudras at the top of the hierarchy.b) was created by the Aryan invaders of India.c) does not affect how individual Hindus practice the religion.d) is enforced by official government policies.e) sees the “untouchables” as closest to enlightenment.

Explanation:The caste system has relaxed over the past several decades in the face of modernization.

Which three religions have holy places in Jerusalem?

a) Islam, Judaism, Sikhismb) Christianity, Hinduism, Islamc) Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism d) Christianity, Islam, Judaisme) Christianity, Jainism, Judaism

Which three religions have holy places in Jerusalem?

a) Islam, Judaism, Sikhismb) Christianity, Hinduism, Islamc) Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism d) Christianity, Islam, Judaisme) Christianity, Jainism, Judaism

Explanation:These three monotheistic religions each lay claim to holy places in Jerusalem.

Which U.S. state has the highest percentage of Lutherans?

a) Arkansasb) Michiganc) Indianad) Kansase) North Dakota

Which U.S. state has the highest percentage of Lutherans?

a) Arkansasb) Michiganc) Indianad) Kansase) North Dakota

Explanation:The Dakotas and Minnesota have the highest concentration of Lutherans in the United States.

What branch of Protestantism has the most adherents in the United States?

a) Methodistb) Lutheranc) Pentecostald) Baptiste) Presbyterian

What branch of Protestantism has the most adherents in the United States?

a) Methodistb) Lutheranc) Pentecostald) Baptiste) Presbyterian

Explanation:The Baptist Church has more adherents than any other Protestant religion in the United States.