PowerPoint Presentation

5.3 Acids and BasesChapter 5Introduction to Organic ChemistrySCOPEBrnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

Reactions of Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

Lewis Acids and Bases

Reactions of Lewis Acids and BasesLearning OutcomesAt the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

Identify electrophiles and nucleophiles in organic chemistry reactions

Use concept of acid and base reaction mechanism to illustrate reaction mechanism for organic chemistry reactions

5.3.1 Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases (Chemistry I )A Brnsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor.A Brnsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor.H+ = proton

Examples5.3.2 Reactions of Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

A Brnsted-Lowry acid base reaction results in the transfer of a proton from an acid to a base.In an acid-base reaction, one bond is broken, and another one is formed.The electron pair of the base B: forms a new bond to the proton of the acid.The acid HA loses a proton, leaving the electron pair in the HA bond on A.The movement of electrons in reactions can be illustrated using curved arrow notation. Because two electron pairs are involved in this reaction, two curved arrows are needed.

Loss of a proton from an acid forms its conjugate base.

Gain of a proton by a base forms its conjugate acid.

A double reaction arrow is used between starting materials and products to indicate that the reaction can proceed in the forward and reverse directions. These are equilibrium arrows.5.3.2 Reactions of Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

Examples:5.3.2 Reactions of Brnsted-Lowry Acids and BasesThe Lewis definition of acids and bases is more general than the Brnsted-Lowry definition.

A Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor.

A Lewis base is an electron pair donor.5.3.3 Lewis Acids and BasesLewis bases are structurally the same as Brnsted-Lowry bases. Both have an available electron paira lone pair or an electron pair in a bond.A Brnsted -Lowry base always donates this electron pair to a proton, but a Lewis base donates this electron pair to anything that is electron deficient.

5.3.3 Lewis Acids and BasesCommon examples of Lewis acids (which are not Brnsted-Lowry acids) include BF3 and AlCl3. These compounds contain elements in group 3A of the periodic table that cannot accept an electron pair because they do not have filled valence shells of electrons.

5.3.3 Lewis Acids and BasesA Lewis acid must be able to accept an electron pair, but there are many ways for this to occur.

All Brnsted-Lowry acids are also Lewis acids, but the reverse is not necessarily true. Any species that is electron deficient and capable of accepting an electron pair is also a Lewis acid.5.3.4 Reactions of Lewis Acids and BasesAny reaction in which one species donates an electron pair to another species is a Lewis acid-base reaction.

In a Lewis acid-base reaction, a Lewis base donates an electron pair to a Lewis acid.

Lewis acid-base reactions illustrate a general pattern in organic chemistry. Electron-rich species react with electron-poor species.5.3.4 Reactions of Lewis Acids and BasesIn the simplest Lewis acid-base reaction one bond is formed and no bonds are broken. This is illustrated in the reaction of BF3 with H2O. H2O donates an electron pair to BF3 to form a new bond.

5.3.4 Reactions of Lewis Acids and BasesThe End