IP ADDRESSINGChapter 5

OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter, you

should be able to:Configure IP addresses Identify & select valid IP addresses for

networksConfigure a DHCP serverConfigure a host to use DHCP for

configurationTroubleshoot & resolve IP addresses

configuration and communication issuesConfigure DNS addressesConfigure an IPv6 address

ABOUT IPV4 ADDRESSES

5a.1

PURPOSE OF AN IP ADDRESS Each host needs IP to communicate Logical address Assigned to the NIC

Computers, network printer, router interfaces

RememberPacket has source & destination IP

EVERYTHING IS IP

What protocol translates the name to the IP address?DNS

WHAT IS AN IPV4 ADDRESS? 32 bit number

Four octets of 8 bitsNetwork & host portion

of addressRouters read network

portion only To send to correct

network

192.168.2.16Network is 192.168.2 .16 is the host portion

IPV4 ADDRESS FACTS Logical (not physical like MAC) IPv4 has 32 bits, 4 octets

8 bits in each octet11111111.10101010.11001100.00100101

Convert that to decimal:192.101.28.36

Value in each octet from 0-255That’s a total of 256 numbers.

CONVERT BINARY TO DECIMAL Add up the values of the binary 1’s

156

11100101229

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

BINARY/DECIMAL CONVERSIONS Binary to Decimal Conversions

Add up the bit values to come up with the decimal answer

Decimal to Binary ConversionsConvert the decimal number to bits

Binary GameCreate an account on cisco.com

REVIEW- 4Q How many bits in an IPv4 address?

32 How many octets? How many bits in

each?4 octets; 8 bits in each

What can be the decimal value range of each octet?0-255

How many numbers is 0-255?256

PARTS OF THE ADDRESS & THE SUBNET MASK

5a.2

PARTS OF AN IP ADDRESS

Network portion Identifies network to the routerRouter cares about this part

Host portion Identifies the specific hostRouter doesn’t care about this part

Hierarchical Addressing

192.175.36.9

ACTIVITY

SUBNET MASKS & SLASH 255.255.255.0

How many total bits are on? (1’s) 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 /24 notation

255.255.0.0How many total bits are on? (1’s)

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 /16 notation

255.255.255.248How many total bits are on? (1’s)

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /29 notation

IP & SUBNET MASK INTERACTION Subnet Mask

Helps router decide which network packet is on

Helps show which part of IP is network & host

32 bits192.168.6.5 255.255.255.0

Binary 1’s - ID the network portion Binary 0’s - ID the host portion

HOW MANY HOSTS ON THE NET? UNSUBNETTED SM helps tells us how many hosts are on

that network255.255.255.00000000Binary 0’s= identifies # of hosts on that

network8 ZEROS is 28=256Subtract 2 for useable number

Unusable:00000000 (.0) is the network ID11111111 (.255) is the broadcast address for a

network Total Useable is 254

HOW MANY TOTAL & USEABLE HOSTS? SM 255.255.255.128

128= 1000000027= 128-2 is 126 hosts

SM 255.255.255.224224= 1110000025= 32-2 is 30 hosts

SM 255.255.240.0 .240.0= 11110000.00000000212= 4096-2 is 4094 hosts

ROUTERS, IP’S & SUBNET MASKS Router ONLY knows which NETWORKS it

is connected to!!!

Doesn’t care about individual hosts

It ANDs the IP & Subnet Mask

Result= DESTINATION NETWORK

Looks in routing table for destination network & sends it out the outgoing port

ANDING

WHAT NETWORK ARE THESE ON?

ANDING- WHAT NETWORK? 199.81.210.17 255.255.255.240

What network does this belong to?

FIGURE IT OUT One PC is 192.168.18.107

255.255.255.0What is network does it belong to?How many useable hosts?Give PC’s addresses.

REVIEW- 4Q What is the purpose of the subnet

mask?To help the router identify the destination

network A packet enters a router. Which address

does it look at?Destination IP

What process does it do with the destination IP & the subnet mask?ANDs it

What is the result of the ANDing?The destination network

TYPES OF IP ADDRESSES IPV4 CLASSFUL

5a.3

CLASS A:IP CLASSES & DEFAULT SM Large organizations 1-126 Default SM= 255.0.0.0

One octet for network, 3 octets for hosts How many hosts available?

224= over 16 million 10.52.33.7 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 120.111.99.87

CLASS A EXAMPLE 15.7.92.5 255.0.0.0

15= Class A Default SM for Class A= 255.0.0.0 Network portion of address= 15. Host portion= .7.92.5 Network ID= 15.0.0.0

All zero’s in the host portion Broadcast address= 15.255.255.255

All binary one’s in the host portion

CLASS B:IP CLASSES & DEFAULT SM Medium organizations 128-191 Default SM= 255.255.0.0

Two octets for network, 2 octets for hosts How many hosts available?

216= over 65,000 130.52.33.7 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 185.111.99.87

CLASS B EXAMPLE 167.101.52.36 255.255.0.0

167= Class B Default SM for Class B= 255.255.0.0 Network portion of address= 167.101 Host portion= .52.36 Network ID= 167.101.0.0

All zero’s in the host portion Broadcast address= 167.101.255.255

All binary one’s in the host portion

CLASS C:IP CLASSES & DEFAULT SM Small organizations 192-223 Default SM= 255.255.255.0

Three octets for network, 1 octet for hosts How many hosts available?

28= 256-2 (254 useable) 199.52.33.7 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 220.111.99.87

CLASS C EXAMPLE 210.44.200.89 255.255.255.0

210= Class C Default SM for Class C= 255.255.255.0 Network portion of address= 210.44.200 Host portion= .89 Network ID= 210.44.200.0

All zero’s in the host portion Broadcast address= 210.44.200.255

All binary one’s in the host portion

OTHER IP CLASSES & MORE Class D not for hosts

D is multicast (one to a group)224.0.0.0- 239.255.255.255

Class E not for hostsFor testing only240-255

All 0’s in host portion(s) = network ID All 1’s in host portion(s)= broadcastCAN NOT USE THESE ADDRESSES FOR

HOSTS!

IPV4 ADDRESSES CHEAT SHEET

Class 1st Octet Range

Default Subnet Mask

Network/ Host

Portions

# of Hosts per

Network

A 1-126 255.0.0.0 N.H.H.H16

million

B128-191

255.255.0.0

N.N.H.H 65,000

C192-223

255.255.255.0

N.N.N.H 254

DE

D: 224-239 Is used for multicasting, webcasts, streaming videoE: 240-255 Is used research only

ACTIVITY Address 168.19.203.12 255.255.0.0

What class? What are the network portions? What are the host portions? What is the network address/ID? What is the broadcast address? What is the first usable address?

ACTIVITY 8.1.2.8 Lab

ANDing ActivityDetermine the network address

Lots of Practice!

REVIEW- 4Q Which version IP addresses are we

dealing with? IPv4

How many bits in an IP address? 32

How many octets in an IP address? 4

Which part of this address is the host portion? 199.81.71.6

6

REVIEW- 2Q Which network does this belong on?

201.14.6.5 255.255.255.0 201.14.6.0 network

How many total hosts can be on that network? Useable?

256 254, why?

PUBLIC & PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES

5a.4

PUBLIC/PRIVATE IP’S

Address Class

Address Range

A 10.0.0.0- 10.255.255.255B 172.16.0.0- 172.31.255.255C 192.168.0.0- 192.168.255.255

Some addresses are reserved & can not be routed across Internet

You can have a public IP for network/servers & private for hosts insideSaves IP addresses

PRIVATE IP’S If host does not connect DIRECTLY to

Internet, it can have a private IP

Router BLOCKS private IP’s

Great Security!!! Private IP’s can not be seen from Internet

127.0.0.0 range is reserved for loopback testing

169 is APIPA (local link)- no IP received from DHCP server

PRIVATE NETS

ACTIVITY Pass or Block IP Addresses

Decide to pass or block the IP depending upon if it’s private or public

Public or PrivateDrag each IP to public or private

HandoutHost, Network#, or Broadcast address,

Class, default SM, usable/unusable for hosts

REVIEW- 5Q What is the private range for class A?

10 What is the private range for B?

172.16- 172.31 What is the private range for C?

192.168 What is unique about the private

addresses?They are not routable

What does it mean if your address is 169?APIPA; you did not get an IP from DHCP

server

UNICAST, MULTICAST,

BROADCAST

5a.5

UNICAST ADDRESS COMMUNICATION One-to-one (Source to Destination)

BROADCAST ADDRESS COMMUNICATION One-to-all (source to all) in segment All hosts will look at it All 1’s in host portion(s) of address

Last address in subnetwork (unusable for host)

Broadcast IP & MAC (all F’s) Default Broadcasts

A- 10.255.255.255 255.0.0.0B- 172.16.255.255 255.255.0.0C- 192.168.1.255 255.255.255.0

BROADCAST ADDRESS COMMUNICATION

MULTICAST ADDRESS COMMUNICATION One-to-group Class D 224.0.0.0- 239.255.255.255 Multicast MAC begins with 01-00-5E

Where is it used?GamingDistance learning

MULTICAST COMMUNICATION

WHICH ONE, BASED ON THE MAC?

Unicast, Multicast, or Broadcast

ACTIVITY Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast

Look at the destination IP & click the devices that will receive it

Try it several time

Handout

CMDNetstat –eDo this every 10 secondsPay attention to non-unicast packets

REVIEW- 4Q

160.50.23.6 255.255.0.0; What network is this on?

160.50.0.0 Which default SM has the most hosts?

Class A 255.0.0.0 Over 16 million!

How many useable hosts in a Class C? 254

220.101.5.90 255.255.255.0; What network is this on?

220.101.5.0

REVIEW- 5Q

What are the private IP addresses? 10, 172.16-172.31, 192.168.

What is the MAC broadcast frame in hex? FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF

What is the MAC for a multicast? 01-00-5E

One to one communication is… Unicast

To send a unicast message, which addresses do you need?

Source & dest. IP & MAC

IPV4 ADDRESSING

REVIEW

5a.6

ADDRESSING REVIEW- 5Q How many bits in an IPv4 address?

32 How many octets in an IPv4 address?

4 What’s the range of numbers in each

octet?0-255

What are the bit values?128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1

Convert 192.168.1.10611000000.10101000.00000001.01101010

CONVERSION PRACTICE 1 11100101 to decimal

10001110 to decimal

11111000 to decimal

11111111 to decimal

CONVERSION PRACTICE 2 192 to binary

224 to binary

47 to binary

115 to binary

IP ADDRESS REVIEW- CLASS A Range:

Default Subnet Mask:

Which octets are Network & Host?

How many hosts available?

Give an example IP & SM:

CONVERT A 5 to binary

77 to binary

100 to binary

127 to binary

What’s in common with all of them?

IP ADDRESS REVIEW- CLASS B Range:

Default Subnet Mask:

Which octets are Network & Host?

How many hosts available?

Give an example IP & SM:

CONVERT B 128 to binary

142 to binary

191 to binary

What’s in common here?

IP ADDRESS REVIEW- CLASS C Range:

Default Subnet Mask:

Which octets are Network & Host?

How many hosts available, total & useable?

Give an example IP & SM:

CONVERT C 192 to binary

200 to binary

223 to binary

What’s common here?

OTHER CLASSES Class D

Multicasting

Class EExperimental Use

Private AddressesA-B-C-

TEST ON IPV4

IP ADDRESSINGChapter 5