Chapter 5 Spatial data standard and metadata 1. Introduction

2. Standard and standardization

2.1 Definition of standards

documents establishing a common language, terminology, accepted practices and levels of

performance, as well as technical requirements and specifications, that are used consistently for

the development and use of products, services and systems

TechnicalSpecifications

Conventions Guidelines

Mandatory

Voluntary

InformationSystem

DataStructures

DataContents

DataValues

Implementation

Form of the standard

Level of granularity

PermissiveRestrictive

General

Detailed

Legallyenforced

Used by popularacceptance

Fig 5-1 A 3-D matrix definition of standards

2.2 Classification of standards

standard can be classified in different ways and different perspectives (Fig 5-2) 2.3 Standards organizations 1) category : international, national, Industry consortia

international : ISO(International Standard Organization) TC211(GIS)

CEN(Comite Europeen de Normalization)

national : ANSI(US), NIST(US), 국토지리정보원, 한국정보통신기술협회

industry : OGC(Open GIS Consortium), W3G(World Wide Web Consortium)

s

Standard

Open Standard ProprietaryStandard

Mandatory (dejure) Standard

Voluntary (defacto / Industry)

Standard

PurposeImplementationSpecification

AbstractSpecification

Development /Stewardship

Privateorganisations

Standard developmentorganisations /

Industry consortia

Implementation

PopularAcceptance

Legislation andregulations

Is alw ays

High-leveldescription

Technicaldetai ls

Public DomainStandard

Communalstew ardship

Developerstew ardship

Is alw ays

Fig 5-2 Classification of standards

s

3. Spatial data standards

3.1 Importance of spatial data standards advantage of standards include :

quality assurance and control, accountability in spatial design and implementation,

accessibility and interoperability, best practice in spatial data management, equal opportunity for

all spatial data suppliers and users, technological innovations, synergy and scale of economies in

the use of spatial data 3.2 Standards for spatial database systems (Fig 5-3) 3.3 Examples of spatial data standards (Fig 5-4 to Fig 5-9)

Spatial DatabaseSystems

Standards

HardwareStandards

SoftwareStandards Data Standards

DesktopComputer /WorkstationStandards

CommunicationsNetwork and Web

ServicesStandards

OperationSystems (OS)

Standards

ApplicationStandards

ModellingStandards

AccuracyStandards

SpatialData

Standards

Non-spatialData

Standards

VectorData

Standards

RasterData

Standards

ServerStandards

DBMSStandards

DevelopmentEnvironmentStandards

ProfessionalPractice

Standards

EncodingStandards

MetadataStandards

TransferStandards

RepresentationStandards

QueryStandards

InterfaceStandards

ReferenceData Sets

Object /Feature

Catalogue

Fig 5-3 A typology of standards applicable to spatial DB systems

StandardsCouncil ofStandards

(SCC)

Canadian GeneralStandards Board

(CGSB)

ISO/TC 211Map Library

CatalogNational

Standards

Maintains

Inter-agency Committeeon Geomatics (IACG)

NationalStandards

System

Canadian Council onGeomatics

(CCOG)

NaturalResources Canada

OpenGeospatialConsortium

Co-ordinates thedevelopment of

References

References

References

Accredits

Oversees

Is a committee of

Maintains

Par

tner

ship

International SpatialData Standards

Canadian SpatialData Standards

Is a member of

Is a member of

Develops and maintainsDevelops andmaintains

Adopts and endorses

Are included in

Advises SCC onmatters relating to

Works under

International StandardsOrganisations

Represents Canada in

Par

tner

ship

Canadian GeospatialData Infrastructure(CGDI)

GeoBasePortal

Oversees

Priv ate sectorGeomatics companies

Prov incial geospatialdata standards

Adv isoryCommittee

on ISO

Committee onGeomatics (COG)

Standards Councilof Canada Act

Fig 5-4 Standard development in Canada

International Committee onInformation Technology

Standards(INCITS)

INCITS TechnicalCommittee L1-GIS

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

ISO TechnicalCommittee (TC) 211

International Organisation forStandardisation (ISO)

Open GeospatialConsortium (OGC)

Federal GeographicData Committee

(FGDC)

Is a member of

Sets pol icies for

Is a votingmember of

Is an advisorymember of

Is a Sub-committee of

Accredits

Accredits U.S. TAG to

Is m

embe

r of Is a committee of

Counties / Cities

Participate in standardsdevelopment

Softw areVendors

Federal SpatialData Standards

Standards DevelopmentOrganisations

Industry Consortia

Office ofManagementand Budget

Inter-organisational liaison

States

OtherConsortia

Members of

Members of

Member of Academic &research

community

Fig 5-5 Standard development in United States

OtherProfiles

TopologicalVectorProfi le

RasterProfi le

PointProfi le

CADDProfi le

DigitalLine

Graphics

TIGER

Shapefiles

DigitalElevation

Model

DigitalOrthophoto

Quads

NGSControl

AutoCAD

Micro-Station

Profiles

BaseStandard

DataProducts

Profiles-ProductMapping

Environment

Spatial DataTransfer Standard

(SDTS)

OtherProducts

OtherProducts

Fig 5-6 Implementing the SDTS

SPECIFICATIONS

Harmonisation

Standardisation

Integration

USERS

Metadata

Discovery Service

Data Policies

Licensing FrameworkCoordinating Structures

Geodetic FrameworkSeamless DataQuality AssuranceCertificationData Model

Catalog ServicesObject Access ServiceGeneralisation ServicesGeoprocessing Services

....

....

....

Deliver Information Services

Request Information Services

ISO 19100 and OGCCOMPLIANT

Local DataEuropean Data

National andSub-national SDI

DATA RESOURCES

Members ofthe public

NGOs and otherNon-Profit Organisations

Research and EducationCommunities

Commercial/ProfessionalServices

Utilities andPublic Services

Government andAdministration

Fig 5-7 The INSPIRE spatial infrastructure high level model

User Applications Clients

Middleware

ServersDistributed

ContentRepositories

Catalogues

Metadata search& retrieval fordata & services

Service chaining,search, display,access,e-business

Direct dataaccess ISO 19136

Metadata UpdateISO 19119ISO 19125ISO 19128

ISO 19135ISO 19119

ISO 19128/WMSWFS

Access to transformeddata, maps, multi-media

ISO/TS 19103ISO 19109ISO 19110ISO 19115

ISO 19103ISO 19107ISO 19108

ISO 19111ISO 19112ISO 19113

ISO 19118ISO/TR 19121ISO 19123

ISO 19120ISO 19109

Fig 5-8 The INSPIRE architecture reference model including example ISO19100 standards

ISOBase Standard

AbstractSpecification

ImplementationSpecification

NationalStandards(Profiles)

International Organizationfor Standardisation (ISO)

Open GeospatialConsortium(OGC)

Reference

Deployment Revision

Amendment

Amendment

Development

Specif icimplementationrequirement

Implementation and Services

Deployment Revision

National / RegionalStandardsOrganisations(see Figures 5.5, 5.6, 5.7 and 5.8 )

Reference

User Community

StandardsPolicy

Governs

Fig 5-9 A model of a global spatial data standards infrastructure

(Fig 5-3)

4. Concepts and methods of metadata

4.1 Definition of metadata data or information about data 4.2 Importance of metadata uniformity of data collection, data management, data use, data understanding, data sharing, data

achieving and warehousing 4.3 Spatial metadata standards (Fig 5-10) 4.4 Spatial metadata tools (Fig 5-11) 4.5 Process of implementing spatial metadata (Fig 5-12)

ISO 19115 - Metadata

Metadata

Basic metadataelements

LanguageCharacter SetHierarchyStandard NameVersionDate

Metadata Contact

Content Information

Reference System

Metadata Constraints

Responsible Party

Online Service

Citation

Required

Conditional /Optional

CSDGM

CEN 287MetadataStandard

Other MetadataStandards

Data identificationinformation

Extension information

Portrayal catalogueinformation

Application schemainformation

Data qualityinformation

Spatial representation

Distribution information

Fig 5-10 Organization of ISO 19115 metadata standard

CSDHMISO 19115 Mapping /Crosswalk

DATA

IntelligentExtraction

Form /Wizard

TextEditor

XML

Parser

Form /Wizard

TextEditor

XML

Parser

Portrayal

User

Metadata Server

SearchEngine

Metadata Metadata

Pre-parser

Form /Wizard

TextEditor

DataMining

GSML HTML

Automatedmetadata collection

Manualmetadatacapture

Manualmetadatacapture

Data entryData entry

Formatting in a markup language

Encoding in a text file format

Metadata content correctionand maintenance

Using metadata

Fig 5-11 Implementing spatial metadata

CSDGM

Fig 5-12 Implementing spatial metadata

5. Data standards and metadata in spatial database systems

5.1 Issues with implementing standards and metadata in spatial DB systems embedding metadata within the data set : tight couple w/ data, but need to collect each time

storing metadata in a separate database or registry : easy to manage w/o affecting the content of

data set, but require more complex procedure in case data set is updated 5.2 Model of using standards and metadata in spatial database design and implementation (Fig 5-13)

Systems OperationStandards

Systems Dev elopment /Management Standards

Enterprise ResourcePlanning Standards

Technologyviewpoint

Applicationviewpoint

Systemsengineering

viewpoint

ContentViewpoint

Workflow / Processviewpoint

Businessplanningviewpoint

Strategic visionviewpoint

Policyviewpoint

Constraint on

Constraint on

Govern

Specify

Metadata Dataviewpoint

Constraint on

Used by

Govern

Is part of

Fig 5-13 A model of a standards-based spatial DB system