Chapter 5Chapter 5Chapter 5Chapter 5

Secession and ResistanceSecession and Resistance

Secession and Resistance

• Seceding• South• North• Tariffs• Northwest Territory

Seceding• Leaving the Union• New England threatened secession

because of the War of 1812

South• Agrarian, or farming, economy based on

cotton, which represented 57% of all U.S. exports

• Cotton production was tied to the plantation system which relied on slavery

• Few immigrants from Europe• Manufactured little, imported much;

consequently, opposed high tariffs because they raised the price of imported goods

• Did not need strong central government, and feared it might interfere with slavery

North• Industrial economy based on manufacturing• Factories needed labor, but not slave labor• Immigrants worked in factories, built roads,

settled the West• Wanted high tariffs to protect its own products

from cheap foreign competition• Needed central government to build roads

and railways, to protect trading interests, and to regulate the national currency

Tariffs• Money paid to a country in order

to sell a particular item

Northwest Territory

Countdown To Secession

• Missouri Compromise• Compromise of 1850• Popular Sovereignty• Fugitive Slave Law• Kansas-Nebraska Act• Bleeding Kansas• Free-Soilers• Republican Party• Dred Scott Decision• Lincoln and Douglas Debates• Free Port Doctrine• John Brown• Secession• Jefferson Davis• Confederate States of America

Missouri Compromise• Missouri was admitted as a slave state

and Maine was admitted as a free state.• Set 36 degrees 30 minutes North as the

dividing line for any new states admitted to the Union. North of the line would be free states and South of the line would be slave states.

Compromise of 1850• In this agreement, Congress would

admit California as a free state, the unorganized territory of the West would be admitted as free territory, but Utah and New Mexico Territories would be open to slavery by popular sovereignty.

Popular Sovereignty• Meant that people living in the

area would vote on whether or not to allow slavery.

Fugitive Slave Law• Was attached to the Compromise

of 1850.• Mandated that northern states

forcibly return escaped slaves to their owners in the South.

Kansas-Nebraska Act• Allowed the previously free and

unorganized territories of Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether or not to permit slavery.

• Basically repealed the Missouri Compromise.

Bleeding Kansas• What Kansas became known as,

as a result of the armed clashes between pro-slavery forces and abolitionists settlers.

Free-Soilers• A party believing slavery must not

be permitted in any new territory

Republican Party• Party formed from a coalition of

Democrats, Whigs, and Free-Soilers.

• Most noted for opposing the extension of slavery in the territories

Dred Scott Decision• Dred Scott, a slave in Missouri, was taken by

his owner onto Northern soil. In fact, he lived in the Wisconsin territory for four years with his owner. When the owner returned to Missouri, Dred Scott sued for his freedom.

• The ruling established that slave owners had the right to bring slaves into free territories and states. Further, the federal government would protect that right, including bringing runaway slaves back to their masters.

Lincoln and Douglas Debates

• Republican Abraham Lincoln and Democrat Stephen Douglas debated the opposing positions in their contest for a senate seat in Illinois.

• “Honest Abe” held his own against “the Little Giant.”

• The people of Illinois elected Douglas, but he lost support in the South due to his ambivalence toward slavery.

Free Port Doctrine • Steven Douglas’s argument that

slavery could not be instituted without laws to govern it

John Brown• Took his fierce abolitionists ideas to the

South where he hoped to arm slaves and lead them in a rebellion.

• One October night, he led a band of followers to seize an arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. His group was captured, the court found him guilty of treason, and hanged him.

Secession• At a special convention called by the

state legislature, South Carolina declared its secession from the United States.

• By February 1, 1861, six other states had seceded: Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas

Jefferson Davis• Elected President of the

Confederate States of America

Confederate States of America

• New Union that was formed from the seven states that seceded from the United States

• Montgomery, Alabama was set as the capital of the C.S.A.

Efforts To Union• Jefferson Davis• Senator John Crittenden• Former President John Tyler• President James Buchanan• Abraham Lincoln

Jefferson Davis• Though Davis was a defender of

southern interests, he opposed secession as a way to secure those interests.

• He tried to keep the South in the Union, but when Mississippi voted to secede, he left his seat in the U.S. Senate

John Crittenden• Tried to restore the Union by proposing a new

compromise:1. Restore the Missouri Compromise

border line of 36 degrees 30 minutes North and apply it to all present and future territories.

2. Amend the Constitution to guarantee the right to own slaves in states south of that line.• Surging on the wings of victory, Republicans were not

interested in compromises.

Former President John Tyler

• At the request of the Virginia legislature, he presided over a special convention in Washington to promote a compromise.

• The Senate ignored convention suggestions.

President James Buchanan

• Choose a course of inaction because he believed:1. Violence toward the South would precipitate

war.2. Other compromise efforts needed time to

develop.3. Republicans could resolve the situation as

they wished.4. He had inadequate military forces to defend

federal property.

Abraham Lincoln• Won the presidency based on a

platform forbidding the extension of slavery into the new territories but not interfering with slavery where it already existed.

Ft. Sumter• On April 12, 1861, before relief ships

could arrive, Confederate soldiers opened fire on the fort

• After two days of fighting, the federal soldiers were forced to surrender.

• The shots fired at Ft. Sumter began the Civil War (1861 – 1865)

Battle Lines Are Drawn• In response to events at Ft. Sumter, President

Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 volunteer soldiers.

• The so-called border states had to decide their loyalty

• Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland remained in the Union, while Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee joined the Confederacy.

• The capital of the Confederacy was then moved from Montgomery, Alabama to Richmond, Virginia

Pockets of Resistance To Secession In The

South• Winston County, Alabama• Western Counties of Virginia

Winston County, Alabama

• People in this county were among the poorest and least tied to the slave dominated economy of southern Alabama

• People in the county met at Looney’s Tavern in Houston, Winston’s capital city, to draft a resolution to the governor proclaiming their neutrality (taking neither one side nor the other).

• Confederates in Alabama took this to mean the people sided with the North and began confiscating property

Western Counties of Virginia

• The Appalachain Mountains divided Virginia culturally and geographically

• The southern planters in the East held the power in the state and often clashed with the values of the small farmers in the mountains of western Virginia

• When Virginia seceded, the counties in western Virginia protested and formed a separate government loyal to the Union. In 1863, this group of counties became the state of West Virginia

The Union’s Military Strategy

• Goal of the Union• Anaconda Plan

Goal of the Union• Compel the Southern states to

rejoin the Union

Anaconda Plan• Invade the South• Destroy the South’s ability to

wage war• Lower the morale of the South so

the South would no longer fight

The Confederacy’s Military Strategy

• Goal of the Confederacy• Advantages of the Confederacy

Goal of the Confederacy

• Force the Union to recognize the rights of southern states to secede

To accomplish this goal, the Confederacy needed to:• Prolong the war until the North got tired of

fighting and asked for peace• Convince European nations to support the

South in its goals

Advantages of the Confederacy

• The South would fight a defensive war. This meant that battles would occur over terrain and climate that were familiar to the Confederate soldiers

• The South had better and more competent generals than the North