Chapter 5 Reading

5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15

Important Concepts

Energy

Definition of energyForms of energyChemical reactions ATP, the energy moleculeEnergy couplingEnzymes

Chapter 6 Reading

6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.10, 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 6.1526.7, 26.8

Important Concepts

Energy Metabolism: Cellular Respiration

Energy flow through the biological worldChemical equation of cellular respirationOxidation/Reduction reactionsGlycolysis, TCA cycle, Electron transportATP synthesisFermentationProtein and fat metabolismMetabolism and disease

Chapter 7 Reading

7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.11

Important Concepts

Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis

Plant Cells and ChloroplastsChemical equation of photosynthesisProperties of light and pigmentsATP and NADPH synthesis (light reactions)Glucose synthesis (Calvin cycle)

Chapter 8 Reading

8.1, 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.9, 8.11, 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15, 8.17, 8.19, 8.20, 8.2110.4

Important Concepts

Cell Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitotic cell divisions and cell numberChromosomes and karyotypesAneuploid SyndromesMitotic cell cycleDNA replicationM-phase (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

Glycolysis“Splitting of glucose” into two 3-carbon molecules

TCA Cycle (Citric acid cycle, Krebs Cycle)

Some ATP synthesisSome NADH synthesis (takes up electrons)

CO2 productionSome ATP synthesisSome NADH synthesis (takes up electrons)

Electron Transport (Oxidative Phosphorylation)NADH gives up electrons

O2 converted to H2O

Lots of ATP synthesis!!!!!

Cellular Respiration

Brown Fat and Heat Generation

Brown fat cells

Uncoupling Electron Transport from ATP Synthesis

InnerMitochondrialMembrane

Regulation of Blood Glucose

Hormone: Insulin

Insulin is produced in the pancreas

Insulin stimulates:

Glucose uptakeGlycogen synthesisGlycolysis/TCA cycle

Insulin

HormoneMade in the pancreasResponse to high glucose

Type I Diabetes

Autoimmune Disease

At risk for:

Diabetic ketoacidosis (coma)

Kidney failure

Failure to produce insulin

Circulatory problems

Tumor Development

No O2

Cancer Cells

PET Scanning for Tumors

Lymphoma with brain, chest and spleen involvement

Radioactive glucose injection

Wait ~ 45 minutes

PET scan

Time

Mitotic Cell Division

Human Haploid Chromosome Set

Y 58 Mbp 397

5

2

13

3

6

4

7

8

9

11

10

14

12

15

16

17

19

20

18

21

X

22

1

Chromosome DNA size Gene # Chromosome DNA Size Gene #

155 Mbp 1606

835 50 Mbp

47 Mbp 425

62 Mbp 857

64 Mbp 1992

76 Mbp 517

79 Mbp 1714

89 Mbp 1318

100 Mbp 1202

106 Mbp 1453 3380 247 Mbp

243 Mbp 2204

1760 200 Mbp

191 Mbp 1361

181 Mbp 1536

1959 171 Mbp

159 Mbp 1764

1247146 Mbp

140 Mbp 1435

1305 135 Mbp

134 Mbp 2051

132 Mbp 1629

649 114 Mbp

Human Karyotypes

Female Male

Homologous Chromosomes

P M

P = PaternalM = Maternal

Human Haploid Chromosome Set

or

X Chromosome

155 Million base pairs (bp)1606 Genes

Muscular Dystrophy (Duchenne)

Adrenoleukodystrophy

Hemophilia A

Hemophilia B

Green Color Blindness

Red Color Blindness

X-linked Traits

X Chromosome

Female Male

Y Chromosome

58 Million base pairs (bp)397 Genes

Down Syndrome Karyotype

Trisomy 21

Trisomy 21

Frequency of Aneuploid Syndromes

Amniocentesis

Karyotypeanalysis 14-16 weeks

Fig. 24-11Pg. 644