chapter 5 prevention and control of air pollution in industries in kerala - an...
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CCHHAAPPTTEERR 55
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION IN
INDUSTRIES IN KERALA - AN EVALUATION Name of the local body
Categories of the sample unit Classification of the sample unit
Air pollution control maintenance staff in the units Number of technical staff in the unit Non-technical staff in the sample unit
Air pollution control consultant in the sample unit Source of emission in the sample unit
Air pollution control measures provided in the sample unit Consent obtained from pollution control board
Air pollution control act 1981 applied in the sample unit Compliance of conditions of air pollution control act
Periodic ambient air quality survey conducted Periodic inspection carried out by pollution control board
Complaint regarding pollution Details of action taken by pollution control board
Details of solid waste in the sample unit Methods of using solid waste in the sample unit
Habitation details in the sample unit Number of population around the unit
Development of green belt
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CCHHAAPPTTEERR 55
PPRREEVVEENNTTIIOONN AANNDD CCOONNTTRROOLL OOFF AAIIRR PPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN IINN
IINNDDUUSSTTRRIIEESS IINN KKEERRAALLAA-- AANN EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN
Historically, the efforts of air pollution control in India date back to
the mid of nineteenth century. Many of these acts deal with environmental
regulation in a piecemeal manner were indicated in nature and proved
ineffective in reducing the levels of pollution. The landmark in the recent
times in environmental regulation was the passing of the Water (prevention
and control of pollution) Act 1974 and Air (prevention and control of
pollution) Act, 1981. The Water act 1974 resulted in the institunaliation of
pollution control machinery by establishing the central pollution control
board (CPCB) and state pollution control boards (SPCB). The significance
prevailing in India concerning air pollution is that most of the industrial
units are located in highly populated area. Industrial estates and complexes
have been located closely to the residential area without considering of the
consequence of the environmental pollution. Emission from such industrial
units close to residential area damages to human and animal life. It is
observed that emission rate from Indian industries when compared to other
countries indicated that (refineries, cement factories, steel, coal based power
plant, oil based power stations, sulphuric acid units and petrochemical
industries) emit considerable quantity of pollutants in to atmosphere.
Air quality has been undertaken in some of the industries in India
shows that Indian industrial chimneys and powerhouses emit pollutant to air
such as SPM (suspended particulate matter) smoke, dust, sulphuric dioxide,
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, fluorides, silicon, tectraflurides etc. In big
industrial centers where huge number of industries exits, the environmental
preservation activity can make as group task by the industries. Emission
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whether it is from particular industries or from a group of industries all in
fact pollutes the atmosphere. The available resources and know how should
be utilized by every industries to the optimum extent in order to bring down
the effect of environmental pollution. An attempt has been made to find out
to what extent the study unit complied with the provision of air pollution act
1981 in order to prevent and control air pollution in state industries. The
information gathered, analyzed and presented below.
TTAABBLLEE 55..11
NNAAMMEE OOFF TTHHEE LLOOCCAALL BBOODDYY
Local body Number of units Percentage
Panchayat 40 80.0
Municipality
8 16.0
Corporation
2 4.0
Total
50 100.0
Source: primary data
From the above table 5.1 it can be seen that among the total
number of 50 units 40 are located in panchayat, 8 are located in municipality
and the remaining 2 of them are located in corporation. Hence, it can be
concluded that the major portion of the study units are located in panchayat.
148
TTAABBLLEE 55..22
CCAATTEEGGOORRIIEESS OOFF TTHHEE SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITT
Categories (unit ) Number of units Percent
Public sector 19 38.0
Private sector 25 50.0
Joint sector 6 12.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
From the table 5.2 it is clear that 50 percent of the sample Units are private
sector, 38 percent of the sample units are public sector and the remaining 12
percent of the sample units are joint sector.
149
TTAABBLLEE 55..33
CCLLAASSSSIIFFIICCAATTIIOONN OOFF TTHHEE SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITT
Classification (unit)
Number of units
Percent
Chemical 10 20.0
Agro 10 20.0
Cement 8 16.0
Rubber 10 20.0
Other 12 24.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
The table 5.3 reveals that among the total number of 50 Sample units 10 are
chemical industries, another 10 units are Agro industries, 8 units are cement
industries, 10 units are rubber and the remaining 12 units comes under other
category. (That is clay, paper and pulp, crusher, and wood based industries).
150
TTAABBLLEE 55..44
NNUUMMBBEERR OOFF AAIIRR PPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN CCOONNTTRROOLL
MMAAIINNTTEENNAANNCCEE SSTTAAFFFF AAPPPPOOIINNTTEEDD
IINN TTHHEE SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITTSS
Response
Number of units
Percent
Yes 28 56.0
No 22 44.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
The table 5.4 pictures that, the majority (56 percent) of the units had
appointed air pollution control maintenance staff; where as the remaining,
44 percent of the units did not appoint air pollution control maintenance staff
in the sample units. Therefore, it is clear that majority of the units appointed
air pollution control maintenance staff in the units, to prevent and control the
level of air pollution.
151
TTAABBLLEE 55..55
NNUUMMBBEERR OOFF TTEECCHHNNIICCAALL SSTTAAFFFF AAPPPPOOIINNTTEEDD
IINN TTHHEE SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITT
Technical staff
Number of units
Percent
Up to 5 members 25 50.0
6 - 10 members 19 38.0
above 10 members 6 12.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
From the table 5.5 it is clear that, out of the total number of 50 sample units
25 units have appointed technical staff up to a maximum of 5 members,
where as 19 units have appointed up to 6-10 members and remaining 6 units
have appointed more than 10 numbers as technical staff. Hence, it is clear
that all the units have appointed technical staff in connection with air
pollution, but it is evident that most of the units have not appointed
sufficient number of technical staff to control the level of pollution in the
units.
152
TTAABBLLEE 55..66
NNUUMMBBEERR OOFF NNOONN--TTEECCHHNNIICCAALL SSTTAAFFFF AAPPPPOOIINNTTEEDD
IINN TTHHEE SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITTSS
Non technical staff
Number of units
Percent
Up to 25 members 35 70.0
26 - 50 members 10 20.0
Above 50 members 5 10.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
The table 5.6 clearly states that majority (70 percent) of the units have
appointed a maximum of 25 non technical staffs, 20 percent of the units
have appointed non technical staff up to a minimum of 26 and a maximum
of 50 staff, and the remaining 10 percent units have appointed more than 50
non technical staff in the units. Hence, it is clear that most of the units have
appointed more non-technical staff than technical staff, which results in to
an adverse effect to the pollution control.
153
TTAABBLLEE 55..77
AAVVAAIILLAABBIILLIITTYY OOFF AAIIRR PPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN CCOONNTTRROOLL
CCOONNSSUULLTTAANNTT IINN TTHHEE SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITT
Response
Number of units
Percent
Yes 23 46.0
No 27 54.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
The table 5.7 reveals that, 54 percent of the units have no air pollution
control consultant in the sample unit, whereas 46 percent of the sample units
have appointed air pollution control consultant in the units. This shows that
the sample units do not emphasis on air pollution control by taking active
advises from the specialized agencies.
154
TTAABBLLEE 55..88
AAVVAAIILLAABBIILLIITTYY OOFF SSOOUURRCCEE OOFF EEMMIISSSSIIOONN
PPRROOCCEESSSS IINN TTHHEE SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITT
Response Number of units Percent
Yes 35 70.0
No 15 30.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
From the table 5.8 it is clear that, majority (70 percent) of the sample units
have a proper emission process where as 30 percent of them do not have a
proper emission process. Hence, it can be concluded that the majority of the
sample units are having proper emission process to prevent and control air
pollution.
155
TTAABBLLEE 55..99
AAVVAAIILLAABBIILLIITTYY OOFF
AAIIRR PPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN CCOONNTTRROOLL MMEEAASSUURREESS IINN TTHHEE SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITT
((MMUULLTTIIPPLLEE RREESSPPOONNSSEESS))
APC measures
Number of units
Percent
Cyclone separator 15 30.0
Scrubbers 8 4.0
Bag filters 21 42.0
Dust extraction system 10 20.0
Fly ash arresters 8 4.0
Source: primary data
From the table 5.9 it is clear that 42 percent of the sample units have Bag
filters, 30 percent of the sample units have Cyclone Separator, 20 percent of
the sample units have dust extraction system, 4 percent of the sample units
have scrubbers and another 4 percent of the sample units have fly ash
arresters. Hence, it can be seen that all the sample units have taken APC
measures to control air pollution by using different air pollution control
equipments.
156
TTAABBLLEE 55..1100
CCOONNSSEENNTT OOBBTTAAIINNEEDD FFRROOMM PPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN CCOONNTTRROOLL BBOOAARRDD BBYY
TTHHEE SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITT
Response
Number of units
Percent
Yes 46 92.0
No 4 8.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
From the table 5.10 it is clear that 92 percent of the Sample units obtained
consent from pollution control board, whereas 8 percent of the units did not
do so. Hence, it is clear that the majority of the units have obtained consent
from pollution control board.
157
TTAABBLLEE 55..1111
IIMMPPLLEEMMEENNTTAATTIIOONN OOFF AAIIRR PPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN CCOONNTTRROOLL AACCTT 11998811 IINN
TTHHEE SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITT
Response Number of units Percent
Yes 30 60.0
No 20 40.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
From the table 5.11 it is evident that the majority (60 percent) of the sample
units have implemented air pollution control act 1981, where as 40 percent
of the units failed to implement the air pollution control act 1981. Hence, it
can be concluded that a substantial portion of the sample units did not meet
with the requirement of air pollution control act 1981.
158
TTAABBLLEE 55..1122
CCOOMMPPLLIIAANNCCEE OOFF CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNSS OOFF AAPPCC AACCTT 11998811
Response
Number of units
Percent
Complied 18 36.0
Yet to comply 32 64.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
The table 5.12 Exhibits that 64 percent of the sample units are not complied
with the air pollution act 1981 and the remaining 36 percent of the sample
units are complied with APC Act 1981. This means the majority of the units
did not comply with the conditions of air pollution control act so far.
159
TTAABBLLEE 55..1133
AAMMBBIIEENNTT AAIIRR QQUUAALLIITTYY SSUURRVVEEYY CCOONNDDUUCCTTEEDD
BBYY TTHHEE SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITTSS
Response
Number of units
Percent
Yes 18 36.0
No 32 64.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
From the table 5.13 it is clear that the majority (64 Percent) of the units did
not conduct ambient air quality survey, where as 36 percent of the units
conducted ambient air quality survey. These show the majority of the units
did not conducted ambient air quality survey as per rules, in the units.
Hence, it can be concluded that pollution control board is not inspecting the
units in regular interval.
160
TTAABBLLEE 55..1144
PPEERRIIOODDIICC IINNSSPPEECCTTIIOONN CCOONNDDUUCCTTEEDD
BBYY PPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN CCOONNTTRROOLL BBOOAARRDD
Response
Number of units
Percent
Yes 18 36.0
No 32 64.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
From the table 5.14 it is clear that the majority (64 Percent) of the industries
were not inspected by PCB where as only 36 percent of the units were
inspected by PCB periodically. This shows a huge set back in the
performance of the state pollution control board, in connection with
prevention and control of air pollution in state industries.
161
TTAABBLLEE 55..1155
CCOOMMPPLLAAIINNTTSS RREEGGAARRDDIINNGG PPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN
Response
Number of units
Percent
Yes 38 76.0
No 12 24.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
From the table 5.15 it can be seen that among the total number of 50 sample
units there is no complaint against 12 sample units regarding air pollution,
where as against 38 of the sample units complaints are received. Hence, it is
clear that complaint regarding pollution is received against majority
industries, which, means the major portion of the units did not fulfill the
requirements of air pollution control act to prevent and control of air
pollution.
162
TTAABBLLEE 55..1166
DDEETTAAIILLSS OOFF AACCTTIIOONN TTAAKKEENN BBYY PPCCBB
AAGGAAIINNSSTT SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITTSS
Particulars Number of
units Percent
Notice given 10 20.0
Asked to provide air pollution
control measures 28 56.0
No action 12 24.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
The table 5.16 indicates that out of the total number of 50 sample units 28
units are asked to provide air pollution control measures, where as 10 of the
sample units are given notice, and no action has been taken against 12 units.
Hence, it is clear that the pollution control board against the defaulters has
taken legal action.
163
TTAABBLLEE 55..1177
QQUUAANNTTIITTYY OOFF SSOOLLIIDD WWAASSTTEE
IINN TTHHEE SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITT
Solid waste
Number of units
Percent
Up to 1 ton /day 30 60.0
1- 2.5 ton /day 10 20.0
Above 2.5 tons /day 10 20.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
From the table 5.17 it is clear that among the total number of 50 sample
units 30 of the sample units solid waste is with a maximum of 1 ton per day,
where as 10 of the units have the output, with a maximum of 2.5 ton per day
and the remaining 10 of the sample units have the output above 2.5 tons per
day.
164
TTAABBLLEE 55..1188
MMEETTHHOODDSS OOFF UUSSIINNGG SSOOLLIIDD WWAASSTTEE
IINN TTHHEE SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITT
Particulars Number of units Percent
Treated 15 30.0
Not treated 35 70.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
From the table 5.18 it can be interfered that 70 percent of the sample unit’s
solid waste is not treated, whereas 30 percent the sample unit’s solid, wastes
are treated. Hence, it is clear that the majority of the units do not carry out
solid waste treatment.
165
TTAABBLLEE 55..1199
HHAABBIITTAATTIIOONN DDIISSTTAANNCCEE OOFF TTHHEE SSAAMMPPLLEE UUNNIITT
Distance Number of units Percent
.25 km 5 10.0
.50 km 16 32.0
1 km 18 36.0
Above 1km 11 22.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
The table 5.19 clarifies that 36 percent of the units is 1 km away from the
habitation, 32 percent of the units are half km away from the habitation
while 22 percent of the units are above 1 km away from habitations and the
remaining 10 percent of the units are nearer to the habitation. Hence it can
be concluded that three fourth of the units are nearer to the habitants which
may adversely affect the habitation around the unit.
166
TTAABBLLEE 55..2200
NNUUMMBBEERR OOFF PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN AARROOUUNNDD TTHHEE UUNNIITT
Population
Number of units
Percent
Below 1500 19 38.0
1500 – 3000 12 24.0
3000 – 4500 4 8.0
Above 4500 15 30.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
From the table 5.20 it can be interfered that below 1500 populations are
residing near to 38 percent of the industries, above 4500 populations are
residing near to 30 percent of the industries, whereas 1500-3000 populations
are residing near to 24 percent of the sample units and the remaining 8
percent of units are surrounded by the population between 3001-4500.
Hence, it is clear that the major portions of the population are residing nearer
to the industries, where there is a chance for affect of air borne diseases.
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TTAABBLLEE 55..2211
DDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTT OOFF GGRREEEENN BBEELLTT
Response
Number of units
Percent
Yes 28 56.0
No 22 44.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
From the table 5.21 it can be identified that 56 percent of the units have
developed green belt with in the industry and 44 percent did not developed
green belt with in the factory. That means more than half of the sample units
have developed green belt as precaution to prevent air pollution.
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TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS:
To test the hypothesis chi-square test applied and the result is given below:
Null hypothesis 1: The air quality survey in industries will not be
depending on the type of industries
TABLE 5.22
Type of the unit * periodic air quality survey conducted in the industries
Cross tabulation Count
Periodic air quality survey conducted
Total
Yes No Chemical 10 10
Agro 8 2 10 Cement 8 8
Type of the
unit Rubber 10 10 Other 12 12
Total 18 32 50
Chi-Square Tests
Value Df P-value
Pearson Chi-Square 43.056 4 .000
(Significant at 1% level)
Since the variables are nominal, a chi square test done, and the cross
table count indicates that, 10 chemical industries carried air quality survey.
Of the total 10 agro, industries 8 carried out the air quality survey and the
remaining 2 industries did not do so, but cement, rubber and other industries
did not carry out the air quality survey to control air pollution in the
industries. It may see that the chi square value of 43.056, with four degrees
of freedom, is significant. Hence, hypothesis is rejected. In other words, the
air quality survey conducted in the different type of industries is same.
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Null hypothesis : The type of unit does not influence the usage of safety
equipment among the employees in the industries.
TABLE 5.23
Type of industry * usage rate of safety equipments
Cross tabulation count
Usage rate of safety equipments Total
Yes No Chemical 100 100
Agro 100 100 Cement 80 80 Rubber 22 78 100
Type of industry
Others 120 120
Total 302 198 500
Chi-Square Tests
Value Df p-value
Pearson Chi-Square 428.256 4 .000
(Significant at 1 percent level)
A chi square test applied to identify the significant association
between two variables, and the cross table count indicates that in chemical
industries, agro industries and in cement industries all the respondents are
using the safety equipments, In rubber industries only 22 respondents are
using safety equipments, where as in other industries no persons are using
safety equipments to safeguard themselves. From the table it is clear that the
calculated value (428.256) of hypothesis is more than the table value with 4
degrees of freedom is significant. Therefore, the hypothesis rejected. Hence,
it can conclude that the usage of safety equipments in the industries depends
upon the type of industries.