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Chapter 5 – Medical Terminology 1

Chapter 5 – Medical Terminology

I. Objectives

Knowledge Objectives

1. Identify and define the main parts of a medical term.2. Identify and define a combining vowel and combining form.3. Describe standard anatomical position.4. Identify and define terms that describe directions and positions of

the body.5. Identify and define commonly used medical abbreviations and

acronyms.Attitude Objectives

6. Explain the rationale for using medical terminology correctly.7. Show appreciation for proper terminology when describing a

patient or patient condition.Skill Objectives

There are no skill objectives identified for this lesson.

II. Preparation

Corresponding textbook pages: 116-129Audiovisual equipment: Chapter 05 PowerPoint® presentation

Computer Multimedia projector

EMS equipment: None requiredCourse administration materials: Attendance sign-in sheet

III. Personnel

Primary instructor qualifications: One Emergency Medical Responder instructor knowledgeable about medical terminology

Assistant instructor qualifications: None required

IV. Key Terms Presented In This LessonAnatomical Position A position in which a person stands with arms to the sides and with the palms turned forward, feet close together, the head pointed forward, and the eyes open.Anterior The front portion of the body or body part.Axilla Armpit.Bilateral Pertaining to both sides.Contralateral Opposite side.Distal Farther away from the midline, or center area, of the body.Erect Standing upright.Inferior In a position lower than another.Ipsilateral Same side.

Copyright 2008, McGraw-Hill

2 Emergency Medical Responder Instructor’s Lesson Plans

Lateral Toward the side of the body.Lateral Recumbent Position Lying on the side. Left side = left lateral recumbent position; right side = right lateral recumbent position.Midaxillary Line An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the armpits (axillae) parallel to the midline of the body.Midclavicular Line An imaginary vertical line drawn through the middle portion of the collarbone (clavicle) and nipple; parallel to the midline of the body.Midline An imaginary line down the center of the body that divides the body into right and left sides.Posterior The back side of the body or body part.Prone Facedown. Proximal Closer to the midline or center area of the body.Sternum The breastbone; the flat bone that joins the clavicles (collarbones) and the first seven pairs of ribs.Superior Above or in a higher position than another portion of the body.Supine Lying face up.

V. Skills Presented in This Lesson There are no skills identified for this lesson.



VI. Lesson Outline

Slide # Instructor Notes1 A. Medical Terminology2 1. Objectives3

Objective 1B. Word Parts

1. Many medical terms originate from Greek and Latin words. 2. Although it is not necessary to know these languages to learn and use

medical terminology, an understanding of common medical terms is important.

3. Medical terms are made up of three main parts: a root word, prefix, and suffix.

4 4. Root wordsa. All medical terms have a root word (also called the stem). b. A root word is the main part of a word and conveys the body

system, part, disease, or condition being discussed. c. Although some root words are complete words by themselves,

many are combined with a prefix, suffix, and/or another root word to form a more descriptive word.

5 5. Prefixesa. A prefix is a syllable placed at the beginning of a root word to

modify its meaning. b. Many medical terms do not have a prefix.c. When a prefix is written alone, a hyphen follows it.

1) For example, the prefix a- or an- means without or absence of. 2) The root word algesia means sensitivity to pain. 3) The hyphen that follows “an-” indicates that another word part

follows the prefix to form a complete word. 4) Combining the prefix and root word results in the medical term

analgesia, which means without pain.6 6. Suffixes

a. A suffix is a syllable placed at the end of a root word to modify its meaning.

b. When a suffix is written alone, a hyphen precedes it. 1) For example, the suffix -itis means inflammation. The root

word gastr means stomach. 2) The hyphen that precedes “itis” indicates that another word

part precedes the suffix to form a complete word. 3) Combining the root word and suffix results in the medical term

gastritis, which means inflammation of the stomach.7

Objective 27. Combining Forms

a. A vowel is often added between a root word and suffix or between two word roots to make the new term easier to pronounce.

b. The vowel used is called a combining vowel. c. The root word plus the combining vowel is called a combining

form. 1) Although the most common combining vowel used is ‘o’, ‘a,’

‘e,’ ‘i,’ ‘u,’ or ‘y’ are sometimes used. d. A combining vowel is not used to connect a prefix and word root.



Slide # Instructor Notes8 8. To better understand combining forms, consider this example.

a. When the term hematology is broken down into its parts, the root word is hemat, which means blood.

b. The suffix, -logy, means study of. c. The combining vowel is the letter o. d. Thus, hematology means the study of blood.

9 C. Plural Medical Terms 1. In the English language, the plural form of a noun is often made by

adding "s" or "es" to the root word. 2. Examples

a. Joint1) Add s = joints

b. Virus1) Add es = viruses

10 3. Medical terms derived from Greek or Latin words have different rules that must be applied when forming the plural form of the root word.

4. Examplesa. us – as in alveolus

1) Drop the us and add i = alveoli b. a – as in vertebra

1) Add an e = vertebrae11 D. Body Positions and Directional Terms



Slide # Instructor Notes12

Objectives 3, 41. Directional terms

a. Directions are applied to the body when it is in the anatomical position. 1) In the anatomical position, a person is standing, arms to the

sides with the palms turned forward, feet close together and pointed forward, the head pointed forward, and the eyes open.

b. Superior/Inferior1) Superior means above or in a higher position than another

portion of the body. The head is the most superior part of the body. The neck is superior to the chest because it is closer to the head.

2) Inferior means in a position lower than another. The soles of the feet are the most inferior part of the body. The knees are inferior to the pelvis because they are closer to the feet.

c. Anterior/Posterior. 1) Anterior, or ventral, represents the front portion of the body or

body part. The heart is anterior to the spine. 2) Posterior, or dorsal, is the back side of the body or body part.

The spine is posterior to the heart.d. Proximal/Distal

1) Proximal means closer to the midline or center area of the body or, with reference to an extremity, nearer to the point of attachment to the body. The knees are proximal to the toes.

2) Distal means farthest from the midline or center area of the body or, with reference to an extremity, farthest from the point of attachment to the body. The elbow is distal to the shoulder.

e. The midline is an imaginary line down the center of the body that divides the body into right and left sides. 1) Using the midline as a reference point will assist in describing

whether an injury is lateral (toward the side) or medial (toward the midline).

2) The sternum (breastbone) is medial to the left nipple. The axilla (armpit) is lateral to the sternum.

13 2. Body positionsa. Erect. When a person is standing upright, he is said to be erect. b. Supine. A person lying flat on his back (face up) is said to be in a

supine position. c. Prone. A person lying facedown and flat is in a prone position. d. Lateral recumbent. If a person is found on his side, he is in a lateral

recumbent position. 1) If he is found on his left side, he is in a left lateral recumbent

position. 2) If he is on his right side, he is in a right lateral recumbent

position. 14 e. Fowler’s position is lying on the back with the upper body elevated

at a 45- to 60-degree angle.f. In a semi-Fowler’s position, the patient is sitting up with his head

at a 45-degree angle and his legs out straight.g. In a high-Fowler’s position, the patient is sitting upright at a 90-

degree angle.



Slide # Instructor Notes15 E. Medical Abbreviations and Acronyms 16

Objective 51. Abbreviations and acronyms are used to save time and space when

documenting. 2. An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or name, such as “abd”

for abdominal. 3. An acronym is a word formed from the first letter or letters of several

words, such as CHF for congestive heart failure. 4. Use abbreviations and acronyms only if they are standard and approved

by your EMS system.17 F. Questions?



VI. Lesson Enhancements

Chapter Quiz. This quiz was created for you to copy and give to your students. These questions are also available in a computerized test bank on the McGraw-Hill OLC. None of these questions appears in the student textbook.

o Chapter Quiz Answers

Activities.o Activity 1. Case Study. Ask your students to read the case study. Then ask them how

they would continue patient care or respond to the questions provided.

o Activity 2. Instructor Scenarios. Patient scenarios are provided to reinforce the material presented in this lesson. Each scenario contains information about emergency calls involving real patients. Details such as the care given and patient outcome are not included so that you may modify the scenarios as you wish.

o Activity 3. Crossword Puzzle.

Skills Sheet There are no skills identified for this lesson.



Chapter Quiz – Medical Terminology

Name __________________________________ Date __________________

True/FalseIndicate whether the statement is true or false.____ 1. Many medical terms do not have a prefix.

a. Trueb. False

____ 2. The most common combining vowel used is “a.”a. Trueb. False

____ 3. A combining vowel is not used to connect a prefix and word root.a. Trueb. False

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____ 4. Which of the following means farther from the midline or center area of the body?

a. Distalb. Proximalc. Anteriord. Posterior

____ 5. The head is the most _____ part of the body. a. Inferiorb. Superiorc. Anteriord. Posterior

CompletionComplete each statement.

6. _______________, or _______________, represents the front portion of the body or body part.

7. The _______________ is an imaginary line down the center of the body that divides the body into right and left sides.

8. The knees are ___________________________ to the pelvis.

9. The spine is ______________________ to the heart.

Matching



Match the abbreviations and acronyms in the left column with the definitions in the right column by placing the letter of each correct answer in the space provided.____ 10. H/D____ 11. A & P____ 12. S/S____ 13. CABG____ 14. F/U____ 15. R/T____ 16. Hx____ 17. CC____ 18. NKDA____ 19. A & O x 4____ 20. DM____ 21. POV____ 22. ASHD____ 23. C/O____ 24. RP____ 25. MOI____ 26. ICS____ 27. LUQa. Reporting or responsible party j. Hot/dryb. Chief complaint k. Alert and oriented to person, place,

time, and eventc. Intercostal space l. Respond tod. Follow-up m. Coronary bypass grafte. Atherosclerotic heart disease n. Complains off. Diabetes mellitus o. Privately owned vehicleg. Mechanism of injury p. Left upper quadranth. Anatomy and physiology q. Signs and symptomsi. No known drug allergies r. History

Short Answer28. What is meant by the phrase “combining form”?

29. Describe standard anatomical position.

30. Define the term “pathogenic” and identify its root word, combining vowel, suffix, and combining form.



Chapter Quiz Answers – Medical TerminologyAnswer Section

TRUE/FALSE1. ANS: T

OBJ: N/A2. ANS: F

The most common combining vowel used is ‘o.’ ‘A,’ ‘e,’ ‘i,’ ‘u,’ or ‘y’ are sometimes used.OBJ: Identify and define a combining vowel and combining form.

3. ANS: TA combining vowel is not used to connect a prefix and word root.OBJ: Identify and define a combining vowel and combining form.

MULTIPLE CHOICE4. ANS: A

Distal means farther from the midline or center area of the body. With reference to an extremity, it means farthest from the point of attachment to the body.OBJ: Identify and define terms that describe directions and positions of the body.

5. ANS: BSuperior means above or in a higher position than another portion of the body. The head is the most superior part of the body. The neck is superior to the chest because it is closer to the head.OBJ: Identify and define terms that describe directions and positions of the body.

COMPLETION6. ANS: Anterior, or ventral, represents the front portion of the body or body part.

OBJ: Identify and define terms that describe directions and positions of the body.7. ANS: The midline is an imaginary line down the center of the body that divides the body into

right and left sides.OBJ: Identify and define terms that describe directions and positions of the body.

8. ANS: Inferior means in a position lower than another. The soles of the feet are the most inferior part of the body. The knees are inferior to the pelvis because they are closer to the feet.OBJ: Identify and define terms that describe directions and positions of the body.

9. ANS: Posterior, or dorsal, is the back side of the body or body part. The spine is posterior to the heart.OBJ: Identify and define terms that describe directions and positions of the body.

MATCHING10. ANS: J11. ANS: H12. ANS: Q



13. ANS: M14. ANS: D15. ANS: L16. ANS: R17. ANS: B18. ANS: I19. ANS: K20. ANS: F21. ANS: O22. ANS: E23. ANS: N24. ANS: A25. ANS: G26. ANS: C27. ANS: P

SHORT ANSWER28. ANS:

A combining form is a word root plus a combining vowel.

OBJ: Identify and define a combining vowel and combining form.

29. ANS:In the anatomical position, a person is standing, arms to the sides with the palms turned forward, feet close together and pointed forward, the head pointed forward, and the eyes open.OBJ: Describe standard anatomical position.

30. ANS:

Root Combining vowel Suffixpath /o / genic

Root (patho) + combing vowel (o) = combining form (path/o)Pathogenic means causing (producing) disease.OBJ: Identify and define the main parts of a medical term; identify and define a combining vowel and combining form.



Activity 1. Case Study

Name __________________________________ Date __________________

Rewrite the prehospital care report below using medical terms, abbreviations, and acronyms.

Respond to private residence for chest pain. On arrival, the patient is a 65-year-old man with crushing, substernal chest pain lying on his back with his upper body elevated at a 60-degree angle. He is alert and oriented to person, place, time, and event and states his symptoms started about 15 minutes ago while at rest. The pain radiates to his left jaw area. He also complains of shortness of breath. He has no known drug allergies and takes Cardizem daily. He had a coronary artery bypass graft last year. He ate dinner about 6 p.m. He denies nausea or vomiting. His blood pressure is 80/42, pulse 40, and respirations 16. His skin is warm, dry, and pink.



Activity 1. Case Study – Possible Answers

Respond to private residence for chest pain. On arrival, the patient is a 65-year-old man with crushing, substernal chest pain lying on his back with his upper body elevated at a 60-degree angle. He is alert and oriented to person, place, time, and event and states his symptoms started about 15 minutes ago while at rest. The pain radiates to his left jaw area. He also complains of shortness of breath. He has no known drug allergies and takes Cardizem daily. He had a coronary artery bypass graft last year. He ate dinner about 6 p.m. He denies nausea or vomiting. His blood pressure is 80/42, pulse 40, and respirations 16. His skin is warm, dry, and pink.

R/T private residence for CP. O/A pt is a 65 y/o ♂ c crushing, substernal CP in Fowler’s position. A & O x 4. States Sx started ~ 15 min ago while at rest. CP radiates to left jaw area. Also C/O SOB. NKDA; takes Cardizem daily. CABG last year. Ate dinner ~ 6 p.m. Denies n/v. BP 80/42, P 40, R 16. Skin w/d/p.



Activity 2. Instructor Scenarios

Scenario 5-1

You are called to the local McDonald’s restaurant for a car into the building. Upon your arrival, you find an approximately 35-year-old woman actively seizing in her vehicle. She is the driver of the vehicle and there are no other patients. You can see from the intrusion into the building that she was traveling at a high rate of speed. Her seizure has lasted about ten minutes according to bystanders. She has a hematoma to her right forehead and the steering wheel is bent.

Scenario 5-2

You are called for a patient with shortness of breath. Your 56-year-old female patient states she has been having progressive worsening of her shortness of breath over the last few days. This began after her foot went through a rotted board in her house and “black mold” was found. She is talking in 5 to 6 word sentences. She denies similar episodes in the past and is unaware of any environmental allergies she might have. She denies chest pain, dizziness, headache, and nausea.



Activity 3. Crossword – Medical TerminologyName __________________________________ Date __________________

1

2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10

11

12

13

14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 27

28

29 30 31

32 33

34 35 36

37

38

39

40

Across

2. Prior to arrival

4. Use abbreviations and acronyms only if they are standard and _____ by your EMS system.

7. Pulses, movement (motion), sensation

8. Congestive heart failure

11. No known allergies

12. Advanced life support

13. Hypertension



14. Central nervous system

15. An imaginary vertical line drawn through the middle portion of the collarbone and nipple, parallel to the midline

19. Meaning of path/o

22. Suffix meaning pain

24. Acute myocardial infarction

25. Meaning of intra-

27. Moves all extremities

28. Symptom

29. Plural of virus

31. Blood pressure

32. Toward the midline

33. Loss of consciousness, level of consciousness

35. Body surface area

36. Treatment

37. Gunshot wound

38. Plural of artery

39. A shortened form of a word or name

40. An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the patient’s armpits, parallel to the midline

Down

1. Birth control pills

2. Plural of psychosis

3. A word formed from the first letter or letters of several words

4. Plural of alveolus

5. Prefix meaning around

6. Estimated time of arrival

9. Fracture

10. On the opposite side

11. Nitroglycerin

12. Plural of axilla

16. Chest pain

17. Prefix meaning blue

18. Science, study of

19. Prefix meaning difficult, bad, painful, abnormal

20. Suffix meaning vomiting

21. Seizure



23. Against medical advice

26. On the same side

29. Vital signs

30. Shortness of breath

31. Meaning of inter-

32. An imaginary line down the center of the body that divides the body into right and left sides

33. Toward the side

34. Year old



Activity 3. Crossword Solution – Medical Terminology

B1

C P2

T A3

A4

P P5

R O V E6

D

P7

M S C8

H F9

C10

L E T

Y R X O V R N11

K A

C O N E I T A12

L S

H13

T N T O G X

O Y R L I

C14

N S M15

I D C16

L A V I C17

U L18

A R L

E P L Y O L

D19

I S E20

A S21

E A A22

L G I A23

A24

M I

Y M Z W25

I T H I26

N Y M27

A E

S28

X E E P A

S V29

I R U S E S30

B31

P

M32

E D I A L S A I O L33

O C E

I S Y34

L L B35

S A T36

X

D E A T G37

S W

L A A38

R T E R I E S E

I R E R E

N O A39

B B R E V I A T I O N

E L A L

M40

I D A X I L L A R Y


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