chapter 5-manuscript elements.pptx

8/16/2019 Chapter 5-Manuscript elements.pptx

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WRITING FOR BEHAVIORAL ANDSOCIAL SCIENCES


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WRITING FOR BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Publication Manual of the AmericanPsychological Association (APA) has beendesigned to advance schoa!shi" b# setting

so$nd and !igo!o$s standa!ds %o! scienti&cco''$nication(

The# so$ght to estabish a si'"e set o%"!oced$!es) o! st#e !$es, that *o$d codi%#the 'an# co'"onents o% scienti&c *!iting toinc!ease the ease o% !eading co'"!ehension(


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WRITING FOR BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

The!e a!e seve!a basic ethica and ega"!inci"es $nde!ie a schoa!# !esea!ch and*!iting(

These ong+standing "!inci"es a!e designedto achieve th!ee goas,

to ens$!e the acc$!ac# o% scienti&c -no*edge to "!otect the !ights and *e%a!e o% !esea!ch

"a!tici"ants to "!otect inteect$a "!o"e!t# !ights .against

"agia!is'/(


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0an$sc!i"t Ee'ents

Tite

A$tho!1sna'es anda2iation

Re%e!ence

Abst!actDisc$ssio

n

Int!od$ction

Res$t

0ethod


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

1. Title A tite sho$d s$''a!i5e the 'ain idea o%

the 'an$sc!i"t b# "$tting a b!ie%6 concisestate'ent o% the 'ain to"ic(

A tite sho$d identi%# the va!iabes o!theo!etica iss$es $nde! investigation andthe !eationshi" bet*een the'(

E7a'"e, Loneliness Infuenced by the Number o

People in Photographs. Eects o Caeine on eart !ate.


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

1. Title Things that need to avoid in *!iting the

tite, Avoid *o!ds that se!ve no $se%$ "$!"ose( It

can 'isead the !eade!s(

E7a'"e, A st$d# o% 8()

, An E7"e!i'enta Investigationo%8)

Avoid $sing abb!eviation( E7a'"e, S49S .instead o% Schoo o%

4s#choog# and Socia Wo!-/


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

". #uthor$s name and a%liationo The "!e%e!!ed %o!' o% an a$tho!:s na'e is

&!st na'e) 'idde initia.s/) and ast na'e;this %o!' !ed$ces the i-eihood o%

'ista-en identit#(E7a'"e,


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

". #uthor$s name and a%liation The a2iation identi&es the ocation *he!e the

a$tho! o! a$tho!s *e!e *hen the !esea!ch *ascond$cted) *hich is $s$a# an instit$tion( E7a'"e =,

0$!ni5a' H>( Hai-) 0ohd Dahan A( 0ae- and AgnesSo'b$ing(

Schoo o% 4s#choog# and Socia Wo!-) 3nive!siti 0aa#siaSabah(

E7a'"e ?,0$!ni5a' H>( Hai- and 0ohd Dahan A( 0ae-

Schoo o% 4s#choog# and Socia Wo!-) 3nive!siti 0aa#siaSabah(

4a$ Webe#

Schoo o% O!ienta and Asian St$dies) 3nive!sit# o% London)


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

&. #bstract

An abst!act is a b!ie%) co'"!ehensive s$''a!# o% thecontents o% the a!tice(

It ao*s !eade!s to s$!ve# the contents o% an a!tice

@$ic-#(

Si'ia! i-e a tite) it enabes "e!sons inte!ested in thedoc$'ent and !eade!s %!e@$ent# decide on the basis

o% the abst!act *hethe! to !ead the enti!e a!tice(

Wo!d i'its va!# %!o' >o$!na to >o$!na and t#"ica#!ange %!o' 1'( to "'( )ords(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

&. #bstract

Cha!acte!istic o% a good abst!act,a* #ccuracy

Ens$!e that the abst!act co!!ect# !eects the "$!"ose andcontent o% the 'an$sc!i"t6 a!tice(

Do not inc$de in%o!'ation that does not a""ea! in the bod# o%

the 'an$sc!i"t6 a!tice(

b* None+aluati+e Re"o!t !athe! than eva$ate(

do not add to o! co''ent on *hat is in the bod# o% the'an$sc!i"t6 a!tice(

c* Coherent, readable and concise W!ite in cea! and concise ang$age(

Begin the abst!act *ith the 'ost i'"o!tant "oints(

Do not *aste s"ace b# !e"eating the tite(

Inc$de in the abst!act on# the %o$! o! &ve 'ost i'"o!tant

conce"ts) &ndings) o! i'"ications(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

&. #bstract An abst!act o% a !e"o!t o% an empirical

study sho$d desc!ibe, the "!obe' $nde! investigation) in one sentence

i% "ossibe(

the "a!tici"ants) s$ch as age) se7) and ethnicand6o! !acia g!o$"(

the essentia %eat$!es o% st$d# 'ethod b#!est!icting the desc!i"tion to essentia and

inte!esting %eat$!es o% the st$d# 'ethodoog#( the basic &ndings) inc$ding eect si5es and

con&dence inte!vas and6 o! statistica signi&canceeves(

the conc$sions and the i'"ications o!


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

-. Introduction

a/ Int!od$ce the "!obe'• The bod# o% a 'an$sc!i"t o"ens *ith an int!od$ction that

"!esents the s"eci&c "!obe' $nde! st$d# and desc!ibes the!esea!ch st!ateg#(

•

A good int!od$ction sho$d disc$ss *h# is it i'"o!tant to state o!st$d# the "!obe') !eate o$! !esea!ch *ith "!evio$s *o!-s in thea!ea) state the h#"otheses and ob>ectives o% the st$d# and i% an#the in- to theo!# and the i'"ication o% the st$d#(

b/ E7"o!e i'"o!tance o% the "!obe'• State *h# the "!obe' dese!ves ne* !esea!ch(

• Fo! basic !esea!ch) the state'ent abo$t i'"o!tance 'ightinvove the need to !esove an# inconsistenc# in !es$ts o% "ast*o!- and6o! e7tend the !each o% a theo!etica %o!'$ation(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

-. Introductionc/ Desc!ibe !eevant schoa!shi"

• Disc$ss the !eevant !eated ite!at$!e) ho*eve! avoid *!itingdee" histo!ica o% theo!etica bac-g!o$nd(

•

Citation o% and s"eci&c c!edit to !eevant ea!ie! *o!-s a!e signso% scienti&c and schoa!# !es"onsibiit# and a!e essentia %o! theg!o*th o% a c$'$ative science(

• 0a-e a die!entiation on ho* the c$!!ent $se o% the evidence in

o$! st$d# die!s %!o' ea!ie! $ses( A"a!t %!o' that) de'onst!atethe ogica contin$it# bet*een "!evio$s and "!esent *o!-(

• When s$''a!i5ing ea!ie! *o!-s) avoid nonessentia detais;instead) e'"hasi5e "e!tinent &ndings) !eevant 'ethodoogicaiss$es) and 'a>o! conc$sions(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

-. Introductiond/ State h#"otheses and thei! co!!es"ondence to

!esea!ch design• B# stating #o$! h#"otheses o! s"eci&c @$estion and

desc!ibing ho* these *e!e de!ived %!o' theo!#) "!evio$sdata o! a!g$'entation indicates o$! a""!oach to soving"!obe'(

• E7"ain ho* the !esea!ch design "e!'its the in%e!encesneeded to e7a'ine the h#"othesis o! "!ovide esti'ates in

ans*e! to the @$estion(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

'. ethod

The 0ethod section '$st desc!ibes in detai ho* the st$d# *ascond$cted) inc$ding conce"t$a and o"e!ationa de&nitions o% theva!iabes $sed in the st$d#(

This is to ens$!e the !eade! to eva$ate the a""!o"!iateness o% #o$!

'ethods and the !eiabiit# and the vaidit# o% #o$! !es$ts(

It aso "e!'its e7"e!ienced investigato!s to !e"icate the st$d#(

A good 'ethod section consists o%, Identiy subsections. Participant /sub0ect* characteristics. ampling procedures. ample si2e, po)er, and precision. easures and co+ariates.

!esearch design. E3perimental manipulations or inter+entions.


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

'. ethod

a* Identiy subsections• It is $se%$ and !eade!+%!iend# i% the 'ethod section is

divided into abeed s$bsections(

• The abeed s$bsections consist o%, desc!i"tions o% "a!tici"ants6 s$b>ects

an# e7"e!i'enta 'ani"$ations o! inte!ventions $sed and ho* the#*e!e deive!ed+%o! e7a'"e) an# 'echanica a""a!at$s6 inst!$'ents$sed to deive! the'

sa'"ing "!oced$!es and sa'"e si5e and "!ecision

'eas$!e'ent a""!oaches .inc$ding the "s#cho'et!ic "!o"e!ties o%the inst!$'ents $sed/

the !esea!ch design

• Detaied desc!i"tions in these s$bsections he" !eade!s to&nd s"eci&c in%o!'ation and aso he" othe! investigato!s to!e"icate the st$d#(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS'. ethodb* Participant /ub0ect* characteristics

•

Desc!ibe the sa'"es ade@$ate# as a""!o"!iate identi&cation o%!esea!ch "a!tici"ants is c!itica to the science and "!actice o%"s#choog#(

• Detai the sa'"e:s 'a>o! de'og!a"hic cha!acte!istics) s$ch as,

age se7 ethnic and6o! !acia g!o$"

eve o% ed$cation; socioecono'ic gene!ationa) o! i''ig!ant stat$s disabiit# stat$s

se7$a o!ientation gende! identit#

ang$age "!e%e!ence as *e as i'"o!tant to"ic+s"eci&c cha!acte!istics .e(g()achieve'ent eve in st$dies o% ed$cationa inte!ventions/

• O%ten) "a!tici"ant cha!acte!istics can be i'"o!tant %o!$nde!standing the nat$!e o% the sa'"e and the deg!ee to *hich!es$ts can be gene!ai5ed(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

'. ethodc* ampling procedures

• Desc!ibe the "!oced$!es %o! seecting "a!tici"ants b#stating the sa'"ing 'ethod ho* did #o$ choose #o$!!esea!ch "a!tici"ants

• Desc!ibe the settings and ocations in *hich the data*e!e coected as *e as an# ag!ee'ents and "a#'ents'ade to "a!tici"ants .i% an#/(

•

Desc!ibe the ethica standa!ds and sa%et# 'onito!ing"!oced$!es(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

'. ethodd* ample si2e, po)er and precision

• Aong *ith the desc!i"tion o% s$b>ects) give theintended si5e o% the sa'"e and n$'be! o% individ$as'eant to be in each condition i% se"a!ate conditions

*e!e $sed( E7a'"e, 8the !es"ondents *e!e !ando'# divided into ?g!o$"s *he!e = "a!tici"ants !eceived condition A and othe! ="a!tici"ants !eceived condition B(

State ho* #o$ dete!'ine the sa'"e si5e(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

'. ethode* easures and co+ariates

• Desc!ibe the 'ethods $sed to coect data .e(g()*!itten @$estionnai!es) inte!vie*s) obse!vations/ as*e as 'ethods $sed to enhance the @$ait# o% the

'eas$!e'ents .e(g() the t!aining and !eiabiit# o%assesso!s o! the $se o% '$ti"e obse!vations/(

• 4!ovide in%o!'ation on inst!$'ents $sed) inc$dingthei! "s#cho'et!ic and bio'et!ic "!o"e!ties and

evidence o% c$t$!a vaidit#(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

'. ethod* !esearch 4esign

• These a!e the @$estions that need to be ans*e!ed ino!de! to *!ite a good !esea!ch design,

• We!e s$b>ects "aced into conditions that *e!e

'ani"$ated) o! *e!e the# obse!ved nat$!aistica#

• I% '$ti"e conditions *e!e c!eated) ho* *e!e"a!tici"ants assigned to conditions) th!o$gh !ando'

assign'ent o! so'e othe! seection 'echanis'

• Was the st$d# cond$cted as a bet*een+s$b>ects o! a*ithin+s$b>ect design


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

'. ethodg* E3perimental manipulations or inter+entions

• I% inte!ventions o! e7"e!i'enta 'ani"$ations *e!e$sed in the st$d#) desc!ibe thei! s"eci&c content(

• Inc$de the detais o% the inte!ventions o! 'ani"$ations

intended %o! each st$d# condition) inc$ding cont!og!o$"s .i% an#/) and desc!ibe ho* and *heninte!ventions .e7"e!i'enta 'ani"$ations/ *e!eact$a# ad'iniste!ed(

• desc!ibe the content o% the inte!vention o! s"eci&ce7"e!i'enta 'ani"$ations b# "!esenting a b!ie%s$''a!# o% inst!$ctions given to "a!tici"ants(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

'. ethodg* E3perimental manipulations or inter+entions

• 4!ovide in%o!'ation abo$t, the setting *he!e the inte!vention o! 'ani"$ation *as

deive!ed(

the @$antit# and d$!ation o% e7"os$!e to the inte!vention

o! 'ani"$ation( E7a'"e, ho* 'an# sessions) e"isodes) o! events *e!e intended to

be deive!ed and ho* ong the# *e!e intended to ast(

the ti'e s"an ta-en %o! the deive!# o% the inte!vention o!

'ani"$ation to each $nit( E7a'"e, *o$d the 'ani"$ation deive!# be co'"ete in one

session) o! i% "a!tici"ants !et$!ned %o! '$ti"e sessions) ho* '$chti'e "assed bet*een the &!st and ast session

activities o! incentives $sed to inc!ease co'"iance(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS5. !esult

Ana#sis o% data and the !e"o!ting o% the !es$ts o% those ana#ses a!e%$nda'enta as"ects o% the cond$ct o% !esea!ch(

Acc$!ate) $nbiased) co'"ete and insight%$ !e"o!ting o% the ana#tict!eat'ent o% data .be it @$antitative o! @$aitative/ '$st be aco'"onent o% a !esea!ch !e"o!ts(

Ass$'e that #o$! !eade! has a "!o%essiona -no*edge o% statistica'ethods b# avoiding to !evie* basic conce"ts and "!oced$!es o!"!ovide citations %o! the 'ost co''on# $sed statistica "!oced$!es(

0ention >$st !eevant !es$ts inc$ding those that !$n co$nte! toe7"ectation and be s$!e to inc$de s'a eect si5es .o! statistica#nonsigni&cant &ndings/ *hen theo!# "!edicts a!ge .o! statistica# signi&cant/ ones(

Do not hide $nco'%o!tabe !es$ts b# o'ission(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS5. !esult

Si'ia!#) 'issing data can have a disadvantageo$s eect onthe egiti'ac# o% the in%e!ences d!a*n b# statistica tests(

The!e%o!e) it is c!itica that the %!e@$enc# o! "e!centages o%'issing data be !e"o!ted aong *ith an# e'"i!ica evidence

and6o! theo!etica a!g$'ents %o! the ca$ses o% data that a!e'issing(

When !e"o!ting the !es$ts o% in%e!entia statistica tests)inc$de s$2cient in%o!'ation to he" the !eade! %$#$nde!stand the ana#ses cond$cted and "ossibe ate!nativee7"anations %o! the o$tco'es o% those ana#ses(

Be s$!e that baseine de'og!a"hic and6o! cinica

cha!acte!istics o% each g!o$" a!e "!ovided(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS5. !esult E7a'"e in "!esenting the !es$ts %!o' one+*a# bet*een+g!o$"

ANOVA *ith "ost+hoc tests,

A one+*a# bet*een+g!o$"s ana#sis o% va!iance *as cond$cted to e7"o!e the i'"act o% age on eves o% o"ti'is') as 'eas$!ed b#the Li%e O!ientation Test .LOT/( S$b>ects *e!e divided into th!eeg!o$"s acco!ding to thei! age) G!o$" = .? o! ess/) G!o$" ? . /) G!o$" . and above/( The!e *as a statistica# signi&cantdie!ence at the "J( eve in LOT sco!es %o! the th!ee ageg!o$"s KF .?) ?/(M) p(=(

Des"ite !eaching statistica signi&cance) the act$a die!ence in

'ean sco!es bet*een the g!o$"s *as @$ite s'a( The eect si5e)cac$ated $sing eta s@$a!ed) *as (?( 4ost+hoc co'"a!isons$sing the T$-e# HSD test indicated that the 'ean sco!e %o! G!o$"= .M?=(M) SD(/ *as signi&cant# die!ent %!o' G!o$" .M??(M) SD(/( G!o$" ? .M??(=) SD(=/ did not die!

signi&cant# %!o' eithe! G!o$" = o! (


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

6. 4iscussion A%te! "!esenting the !es$ts) #o$ a!e in a "osition to

eva$ate and inte!"!et thei! i'"ications) es"ecia# *ith!es"ect to #o$! o!igina h#"otheses(

Begin the Disc$ssion section *ith a cea! state'ent o% thes$""o!t o! nons$""o!t %o! #o$! o!igina h#"otheses)disting$ished b# "!i'a!# and seconda!# h#"otheses( I%h#"otheses *e!e not s$""o!ted) oe! "ost hoce7"anations(

Si'ia!ities and die!ences bet*een #o$! !es$ts and the*o!- o% othe!s sho$d be $sed to conte7t$ai5e) con&!')and ca!i%# #o$! conc$sions(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

6. 4iscussion The inte!"!etation o% the !es$ts sho$d ta-e into acco$nt,

a/ so$!ces o% "otentia bias and othe! th!eats to inte!navaidit#)

b/ the i'"!ecision o% 'eas$!es)

c/ the ove!a n$'be! o% tests o! ove!a" a'ong tests)

d/ the eect si5es obse!ved)

e/ othe! i'itations o! *ea-nesses o% the st$d#(

Ac-no*edge the i'itations o% #o$! !esea!ch) and add!ess

ate!native e7"anations o% the !es$ts(

End the Disc$ssion section *ith a !easoned and >$sti&abeco''enta!# on the i'"o!tance o% #o$! &ndings( This conc$dingsection 'a# be b!ie% o! e7tensive "!ovided that it is tight#

!easoned) se%+contained) and not ove!stated(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

7. !eerence The standa!d "!oced$!es %o! citation ens$!e that !e%e!ences

a!e acc$!ate) co'"ete) and $se%$ to investigato!s and!eade!s(

8ournal article )ith 49I /4igital 9b0ect Identi:cation*He!bst+Da'') 9( L() 9$i-)


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LOCATION OF DOI INAN ARTICLE


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

7. !eerence 8ournal article )ithout 49I /;hen 49I is not

a+ailable*

Siic-) T(


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0AN3SCRI4T ELE0ENTS

7. !eerence =oo>

Shotton) 0( A .=Q/( "omputer a!!iction# A stu!y ofcomputer !epen!ency$ London) Engand, Ta#o! F!ancis(

=oo> Chapter

Ha#b!on) D( 0( .?Q/( 4hioso"h# and the science o%s$b>ective *e+being( In 0( Eid R(

chapter 5-manuscript elements.pptx

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