chapter 5 in text book pages 152 to 185. charles v… hapsburg king (spain, am. colonies, parts of...
TRANSCRIPT
ABSOLUTE MONARCHS IN EUROPE
Chapter 5 in text book
Pages 152 to 185
SPAIN’S EMPIRE &EUROPEAN ABSOLUTISM
Charles V…Hapsburg King
(Spain, Am. Colonies, parts of Italy, Austria, & Netherlands)
Devout CatholicFought MuslimsOpposed LutheransAgreed to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555
Allowed German princes to choose a religion for their territory
1556, divided empire & retired in a monastery Ferdinand (brother) – Austria & the Holy Roman Empire Philip II (son) – Spain, Spanish Netherlands, & Am.
Colonies
KING PHILIP II 1580 – King of Portugal died w/out heir
Philip was the king’s nephew & seized Portugal Including territories in Africa, India, & East Indies
Claimed b/t ¼ & 1/5 of every shipload of treasure from the American ColoniesBuilt large army & navy with wealth. Built palaces. Became great patron of the arts
Defended Catholism against the protestants and Muslims (attacked Queen Elizabeth I)
SPANISH ART & LITERATURE
El Greco (“the Greek”)Born in Crete Brilliant clashing colors, distorted human figure, &
had symbolic emotional expressions in paintingsShowed deep Catholic faith of SpainPainted saints & martyrs
Diego Velazquez50 years after El GrecoUsed rich colorsPainted the pride of the Spanish monarchy Court painter to Philip IV of Spain
Miguel de Cervantes
1605, Wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha
Birth of modern European novel
Story… poor Spanish nobleman went crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights & then dressed up as a knight & mistook windmills for giants
SPANISH EMPIRE WEAKENS
Wealth from Americas caused economic problems
Severe Inflation…Rise in the price of goods & services
Taxes…1500, Spain expelled the Jews & MoorsLost valuable artist & businessesNobles didn’t have to pay taxes & tax burden fell
on the lower class – Spain never developed a middle class
Guilds…Dominated business marketsUsed old-fashion methods to produce products Spanish cloth & manufactured goods more
expensive than those made somewhere else
Wars…Borrowed money from German & Italian bankers Silver from Americas sent to pay loansPhilip had to declare Spain bankrupt three times
Dutch Revolt…Had little in common with Spanish rulersNetherlands were mostly Calvinist & had a very
productive middle class Philip raised taxes on the Dutch & tried to crush
the Protestant faiths Dutch fought Spain for 11 years1579, 7 northern provinces (Protestant) became
independent 10 southern provinces were Catholic & remained
with Spain
INDEPENDENT DUTCH PROSPER
Practiced religious toleration
NOT a kingdom, but a republicUnited Provinces of the Netherlands
Each province elected a governor – power depended upon the merchants & landowners
DUTCH ART
1600’s had the best banks, but also the best artist in Europe
Rembrandt van Rijn Portraits of the wealthy middle-class merchantsGroup portraits Used sharp contrast of light and shadows
Jan VermeerHad domestic indoor settings Often painted women doing everyday activities
DUTCH TRADING EMPIRE
Stable government
Economic growth Replaced Italians as the bankers of Europe
Had largest fleet of ships in the world1636- 4,800 ships
Created the Dutch East India CompanyDominated the Asian spice market & Indian Ocean
trade
THEORY OF ABSOLUTISM
Rulers wanted to be absolute monarchsKings/Queens who held all of the power within
their states’ boundaries
Goal was to control every aspect of society
Believed in divine right Idea that God created the monarchy & that the
monarch acted as God’s representative here on Earth
Answered only to God, not to subjects
EUROPE’S MONARCHS GAIN POWER
Feudalism declines & cities growPolitical, economic, legal, & social system of the
middle ages in Europe
National kingdoms centralize authority
Growing middle-class usually backed monarchs
Church authority broke down = monarchs got greater control
CRISES LEAD TO ABSOLUTISM
17th century – continuous warfare Gov’t built huge armies & increased taxes Widespread unrest & peasants revolted
Monarchs increased their power & regulated everything from religious worship to social gatherings
Created new gov’t bureaucracies to control the country’s economy No longer limited by nobles & representative
bodies
FRENCH MONARCHY
1559, King of France Henry II died
4 sons – 3 ruled & were incompetent King Francis II – 15 years old; died 1560 King Charles IX – 10 years old; died 1574 King Henry III – 24 years old; died 1589
Power came from mother Catherine de Medicis
Wars between French Catholics & the Huguenots (French Protestants) caused great struggles for the French Monarchs 8 religious wars from 1562 to 1598
HENRY OF NAVARRE – HENRY IV
Descendant of King Louis IX 1st marriage was to Margaret the daughter of King
Henry II & Catherine. No children from this marriage
1589 – Catherine & King Henry III dies; Prince Henry of Navarre inherited the throne took the name King Henry IV 1st king of the Bourbon dynasty
Gave up protestant beliefs & became Catholic for his country
1598- Created the Edict of Nantes – Huguenots could live in peace in France & set up their own houses of worship
Devote reign to rebuilding France & its prosperity
Wanted peace for his country, but some hated him for giving up his protestant faith
2nd marriage to Marie de Medici
1610 – a man jumped into Henry’s carriage and stabbed him to death
His son Louis XIII took over the throne9 years old; Marie (mother) guided him Weak kingAppointed strong minister; Cardinal Richelieu
CARDINAL RICHELIEU
Essentially the ruler of France Was the leader of Catholic church in France Moved against the Huguenots
Didn’t allow Protestant cities to have protective walls
Weakened the nobles’ powerForced them to take down fortified castles
Wanted France to be the strongest state in EuropeGreatest obstacle – Hapsburg rulers
Spain, Austria, Netherlands, parts of Holy Roman Empire
Caused France to go to war 30 years’ war
LOUIS XIV COMES TO POWER Son of Louis XIII
1643 – became king at the age of 14
True ruler was Richelieu’s successor Cardinal MazarinEnded 30 years’ war in 1648Nobles hated Mazarin b/c of higher taxes & more
power to the centralized government Nobles led riots against Mazarin & threatened the
life of Louis XIV Noble’s rebellion eventually failed
1661 - Cardinal Mazarin died
At 22 years old Louis took control of gov’t Weakened noble’s power & excluded them from
councils Increased power of gov’t agentsDevoted to helping France attain economic,
political, & cultural brilliance
Jean Baptiste Colbert – minister of finance Believed in mercantilism Made France self-sufficient & expanded
manufacturing Increased taxes on importsEncouraged people to move to New France, fur trade
$$$$
1658 – Louis XIV canceled Edict of NantesThousands of Huguenot artisans & businesses left
Surrounded himself with luxury Built the Palace at Versailles – 11 miles SW of Paris
(Page 166 in text) In 2003 dollars cost est. $2.5 billion
36,000 laborers 6,000 horses
Great patronage of the arts Made opera & ballet more popularStated purpose of art was to glorify the king &
promote values that supported his absolute rule
LOUIS XIV’S DISASTROUS WARS
1660 – France was most powerful country in Europe
1667 – invaded Spanish Netherlands Gained 12 towns
1672 – he led army into Dutch NetherlandsDutch flooded countryside on purpose1678 – Treaty of Nijmegen ended war
France gained several towns
End of 1680’s – European alliance formed to stop France; weak countries came together to balance power in Europe
War of Spanish Succession –
1700 – King of Spain Charles II died childless Throne promised to Louis XIV’s grandson who was
16 years old; Philip of Anjou (Philip V-King of Spain)
1701 – Several European nations didn’t want the French Bourbons to have this much control…WAR!
Treaty of Utrecht ended the war in 1714…Grandson remained King of SpainGreat Britain took Gibraltar from SpainFrance gave Great Britain Nova Scotia &
NewfoundlandAustrian Hapsburgs took Spanish Netherlands &
Spanish lands in ItalyPrussia & Savoy were recognized as kingdoms
LOUIS XIV’S DEATH & LEGACY
1715 – Died in bed
This prompted rejoicing throughout France
POSTITIVES - France ranked above all in art, literature, & statesmanship, military leader of Europe, strong American colonial empire
NEGATIVES – constant wars, debt due to Versailles, resentment over taxes, abuse of power plagued his heirs – led to revolution
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR Peace of Augsburg (1555) – Churches in
Germany could be either Catholic or Lutheran – NOT Calvinist 1608 – Lutherans join the Protestant Union1609 – Catholic German Princes formed the
Catholic League
1618 – Ferdinand II closed Protestant churches in the Czech kingdom of Bohemia & they revoltedGerman Protestant Princes also saw this as a
chance to go after the Catholic emperor
So begins the 30 years’ war…
Conflict over religion, territory, and power among European ruling families; 1618 to 1648
PHASE ONE – Hapsburg Triumphs First 12 years Hapsburg armies from Austria &
Spain crushed Protestant troops Allowed to plunder/rob & destroy everything in their
pathStopped Czech uprising Defeated German protestants helping Czechs
PHASE TWO – Hapsburg DefeatsProtestants of Sweden drove Hapsburg troops out
of North Germany & changed the tide of war (1630)
1635 – French troops (Catholic) joined Protestants so Hapsburgs wouldn’t have more control than France
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA 1648 – Ended the 30 years war
Weakened Hapsburg states of Spain & Austria Strengthened France b/c they received German
territory German Princes became independent of the Holy
Roman emperor
Europe became a group of equal, independent states – abandoned the Catholic Empire
New peace negotiations – all participants meet to settle problems & decide terms of peace Still used today
AUSTRIA GROWS STRONGER After war several states were seriously
weakened
Hapsburgs of Austria worked to become absolute monarchsReconquered Bohemia & wiped out Protestantism Created a new Czech nobility that pledged loyalty
to the Hapsburgs Centralized gov’t & created armyReconquered Hungary from the Ottoman Empire
1711 - Charles VI becomes Hapsburg rulerControlled Czechs, Hungarians, Italians, Croatians,
& Germans
MARIA THERESA Charles VI eldest daughter (Maria) would be
heir to all of his Hapsburg territories
While in power…She decreased the power of the nobility Limited amount of labor that nobles could force
peasants to doFaced years of war – main enemy was Prussia
over land
Her most famous child was Marie Antoinette – wife of Louis XVI of France
RISE OF PRUSSIA Frederick William inherited title of elector of
Brandenburg AKA - The Great Elector/King Frederick William IHis son started to use the term “king”
After 30 years war, decided to have strong army (best in Europe) to ensure safety
Weakened representative assemblies
The Junkers (Prussia’s nobility) resisted growing power of kingThey were then given exclusive right to be officers
in army
FREDERICK THE GREAT Son of King Frederick William I
Loved music, philosophy, & poetry – not military
While in power…Softened some of his father’s lawsBecame an aggressor in foreign affairs Encouraged religious toleration & legal reform
Died without a son to succeed him
THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR Maria Theresa made alliance with France
Alliance = Austria, France, & Russia
Frederick II signed treaty with Britain Alliance = Prussia & Britain
1756 – Frederick attacked Saxony (Austrian ally) and eventually every European nation was involvedWar didn’t change Europe’s bordersFrance lost colonies in North AmericaBritain gained sole domination of India
IVAN IV – IVAN THE TERRIBLE
1533 – came to power when he was 3 years old
The boyars (nobles) fought for power & tried to control Ivan
At 16 he seized power & crowned himself “czar”Means Caesar 1st Russian ruler to officially use the titleMarried Anastasia (1st of 8 wives)
related to a boyar family The Romanovs
GOOD PERIOD, 1547 to 1560 –Won great victoriesAdded lands to RussiaGave Russia code of lawsRuled justly
RULE BY TERROR, began in 1560 –After Anastasia died; he accused Boyars of
poisoning herOrganized his own police force who hunted down
& killed those Ivan thought were traitors; he then gave their land to other nobles
Thousands were killed 1581 – had fight with oldest son which resulted in
the son’s death Ivan’s 2nd son took throne 3 years later after his
death Had a stroke while playing chess
RISE OF THE ROMANOVS Ivan’s 2nd son, Czar Feodor I, took throne but
was physically & mentally incapable of rulingRuled a short time & died without an heir
Time of Troubles –Boyars struggled for power Heirs of czars died mysteriously Impostors tried to claim throne
1613 – Russian representatives met to chose the next czar; Michael Romanov – grandnephew of Ivan’s wife Began the Romanov dynasty which ruled for 300
years1613-1917
PETER THE GREAT AKA – Czar Peter I
Originally shared throne with ½ brother Until 1696 @ the age of 24
REFORMS –Bought Russian Orthodox Church under gov’t
controlAbolished Office of Patriarch (head of church); Holy
Synod would run church under Peter’s directionReduced power of landowners Hired European officers to teach his army new
tactics Imposed very high taxes to pay for military
GOAL #1 – to learn about European customs & manufacturing techniques. To Westernize Russia
To achieve goal he… Introduced potatoesStarted 1st Russian newspaperWomen were allowed to attend social gatheringsNobles had to give up their traditional clothing for
Western European fashionsEducation:
School of Navigation Schools for art & science
GOAL #2 – To have a seaport that would make it easier to travel west.
Fought Sweden 21 years to gain a piece of the Baltic coast
Built a new city on swampy land Named it St. Petersburg after his patron saintAfter completed, nobles were forced from their
homes to make new ones in the new capital
Peter died in 1725 with Russia finally being a strong European power
THE ENGLISH MONARCHY Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603 with no heir
Her cousin James Stuart took throne – King James IRuler of Scotland & England
Countries are not united until 1707 even though they have same ruler
1625, James I dies & his son Charles I takes throne
All of these absolute monarchs had financial troubles due to lavish lifestyles & wars with Spain and France
PETITION OF RIGHT 1628 - Charles I requested money from
Parliament & they made him sign document that stated...No imprisonment without due causeNo new taxes without Parliament’s approvalSoldiers would not be housed in the king’s private
homesNo martial law in peacetime
For the 1st time the law was higher than the absolute ruler
1629 – Charles ignored it & dissolved ParliamentTo get funds he imposed fees, fines, & taxes
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR Charles needed $ & had to call upon
Parliament They passed laws to limit royal powerCharles tried to arrest Parliament leaders, but
they escaped
A mob of Londoners stormed the palace & Charles escaped to north England where he raised an army
War between Charles I & his supporters (The Royalist/Cavaliers) vs. opponents of King Charles I (Puritan supporters of Parliament/Roundheads) 1642 to 1649
Oliver Cromwell – Puritan general took control in 1644By 1647 he held Charles I as prisoner
1649 – Charles I was put on trial for treason against Parliament He was found guilty Sentenced to death by public beheading
Never before had a reigning monarch faced a public trial and execution
Cromwell took control of the throne
CROMWELL’S RULE 1649 – abolished monarch & House of Lords
and established a commonwealth; republican form of gov’t – then became a military dictator
Crushed an uprising in Ireland, seized lands & homes and then gave them to English soldiers
Created laws that promoted Puritan morality & abolished “sinful” activities…Theater, Sporting Events, & Dancing
Had religious toleration for all Christians with the exception of CatholicsEven allowed the Jews back into England
CHARLES II REIGNS Cromwell died in 1658 & his gov’t collapsed
1659 – Parliament put the oldest son of Charles I on the throne Restored monarchy & rule is called the “Restoration”
1679 – Parliament passed habeas corpus “to have the body” Gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or
document ordering that they be brought before a judge to specify charges
Now a monarch couldn’t put people in jail just because
Had no children & his brother James II took throne in 1685
JAMES II Offended subjects b/c of his Catholic beliefs
Had an older daughter, Mary, that was protestant & a new son who was Catholic
Parliament didn’t want a Catholic monarchy & convinced Mary and her husband William of Orange (prince of Netherlands) to overthrow her father, James II
James II fled to France when Williams army came into London Glorious Revolution – bloodless overthrow