chapter 5 household behavior and consumer choice
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 5
Household behavior and consumer choice
Circular flow
• Figure 5.1
Assumptions underlying the household choice model:
• Households make demand decisions in output markets, and supply decisions in input markets.
• All input and output markets are perfectly competitive.
• Households possess all the information they need to make market choices.
Perfect Knowledge
• The assumption that households possess a knowledge of the qualities and prices of everything available in the market and that firms have all available information regarding wage rates, capital costs, and output prices
Every household must make three basic decisions:
• How much of each product to demand
• How much labor to supply
• How much money to spend today and how much to save for the future
Review -- the determinants of household demand:
• The price of the product • The income available to the household • The household’s amount of accumulated wealth • The prices of other products available to the
household • The household’s tastes and preferences • The household’s expectations about future
income, wealth, and prices
Budget Constraint
• The limits imposed on household choices by income, wealth, and product prices
Choice or Opportunity Set
• The set of options that is defined and limited by a budget constraint
Struggling graduate students, Ann and Tom, solving the household choice problem:
• Ann and Tom have $200 to spend each month. • They purchase meals at the local Thai restaurant,
and trips to the local jazz club, The Hungry Ear. • Thai meals cost $20 per couple and The Hungry
Ear costs $10 per couple. • QUESTION: WHAT CAN ANN AND TOM
BUY WITH THEIR $200 MONTHLY BUDGET?
To graphically depict Ann and Tom’s budget constraint:
Jazz club visits per month
If they purchase only Thai meals, theycan purchase $200/$20, or 10 of them.
Thai meals per month
If they purchase only jazz club visits, they can purchase $200/$10, or 20 of them.
0
10
20
10
To graphically depict Ann and Tom’s budget constraint:Jazz club visits
per month
Thai meals per month
O
10
20
10
•Line AB represents Ann and Tom’s budget constraint. •The budget constraint is linear. •The slope of the budget constraint represents the price ratio of the two goods. •The budget constraint is NOT a demand curve.
A
B
Feasible
Infeasible
What if the price of Thai meals falls to $10 per couple?
• Line A1B represents Ann and Tom’s new budget constraint.
• When the price of one good changes, the budget constraint pivots.
Jazz club visits per month
O
10
20
10A
B
20A1
Thai meals per month
What if the income increases to $300?
• Line A2B2 represents Ann and Tom’s new budget constraint.
• When the income changes, the budget constraint shifts.
Jazz club visits per month
O
10
20
10A
B
A2
Thai meals per month
30
15
B2
Chapter 6
Utility
The basis of choice: Utility
• The budget constraint shows us the combinations of two goods that a household CAN buy...
• What else do we need to know to determine what the household WILL buy?
Utility
• Utility: The satisfaction, or reward, a product yields relative to its alternatives– Impossible to measure – Cannot be compared across people – Helps us to better understand consumer
choice...
Total Utility vs. Marginal Utility
• Total utility is the total amount of satisfaction obtained from consumption of a good or service.
• Marginal utility is the additional satisfaction gained by the consumption or use of one more unit of a good or service.
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
• The more of any one good consumed in a given period, the less satisfaction (utility) generated by consuming each additional (marginal) unit of the same good.
In other words
• Your order of nachos tastes great.
• Your ninth bag of nachos gives you indigestion.
An example - Frank’s total utility and marginal utility of trips to jazz club
• Frank’s total utility and marginal utility of trips to club.– Table 5.2
• Graphs of Frank’s total utility and marginal utility– Figure 5.5
Allocating Income to Maximize Utility
• How can we use the information on the budget set and utility theory to determine the utility maximizing bundle of goods and services?
Key point -- Bang for the Buck
• We try to get the maximum
BANG FOR THE BUCK
or
BANG FOR THE HOUR
An example
• Consider Frank. He is trying to determine the utility maximizing combination of trips to a jazz club and basketball games to take per week.
An example – total and marginal utility for both trip and game
Club Total utility
Marginal utility
1 12 12
2 22 10
3 28 6
4 32 4
5 34 2
6 34 0
Bball Total utility
Marginal utility
1 21 21
2 33 12
3 42 9
4 48 6
5 51 3
6 51 0
Time is scarce
• Suppose Frank’s “friend” will buy tickets for either one, every night. Time is the scarce resource. Suppose he goes to 6 clubs, 1 game?
Time is scarce
Club Total utility
Marginal utility
1 12 12
2 22 10
3 28 6
4 32 4
5 34 2
6 34 0
Bball Total utility
Marginal utility
1 21 21
2 33 12
3 42 9
4 48 6
5 51 3
6 51 0
His totally utility is 34+21=55
Time is scarce
• Suppose he gives up one club, for another game. What happens to total utility?
Club Total utility
Marginal utility
1 12 12
2 22 10
3 28 6
4 32 4
5 34 2
6 34 0
Bball Total utility
Marginal utility
1 21 21
2 33 12
3 42 9
4 48 6
5 51 3
6 51 0
His total utility now: 34+33=67
What allocation is best? Why?
Club Total utility
Marginal utility
1 12 12
2 22 10
3 28 664 32 4
5 34 2
6 34 0
Bball Total utility
Marginal utility
1 21 21
2 33 12
3 42 9
4 48 665 51 3
6 51 0
His total utility now: 28+48=76
What allocation is best? Why?
• Not consider the price of club or basketball game, he got highest total utility when
• He equalized Marginal utility PER NIGHT!!
• What if we consider the problem of price?
Utility-Maximizing Rule
• A utility maximizing consumer allocates his or her expenditures such that the marginal utility per dollarper dollar spent on each activity is equal.
Py
MUy
Px
MUx
Returning to Frank’s problem...• If club trips cost $3.00 and games cost
$6.00, what will he buy for a $21 budget?Club Marginal
utility
1 12 4.0
2 10 3.3
3 6 2.0
4 4 1.3
5 2 0.7
6 0 0
Bball Marginal utility
1 21 3.5
2 12 2.0
3 9 1.5
4 6 1.0
5 3 0.5
6 0 0
Pc
MUc
Pb
MUb
Downward-Sloping Demand Revisited
• Diminishing marginal utility helps to explain why demand slopes down. Marginal utility falls with each additional unit consumed, so people are not willing to pay as much.
D
Price changes affect households in two ways:
• Income effects: Consumption changes because purchasing power changes.
• Substitution effects: Consumption changes because opportunity costs change.
Income Effect of a Price Change
• When the price of a product falls, a consumer has more purchasing power with the same amount of income.
• When the price of a product rises, a consumer has less purchasing power with the same amount of income.
Substitution Effects of a Price Change
• When the price of a product falls, that product becomes more attractive relative to potential substitutes.
• When the price of a product rises, that product becomes less attractive relative to potential substitutes.
Review questions
• Sketch budget constraints.
• Know how to calculate marginal utility.
• What is utility maximizing rule?
• Income and substitution effects.