chapter 5 classical greece, 2000 b.c. - 300 b.c. section 1 cultures of the mountains and the sea
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 5Classical Greece,
2000 B.C. - 300 B.C.
Section 1
Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea
Warm upChapter 5, Section1
• Who ruled the Mycenae communities and towns?
• How did the invasion of Crete strengthen the Mycenaean culture?
• What do archaeologist's discoveries tells us about what the Trojan War was most likely fought for?
• What are the purpose of Greek Myths?
Classical Greece Time Line
2000 B.C. Minoan civilization prospers on Crete.
1500 B.C. Mycenaean culture thrives on Greek mainland.
About 1200 B.C. Trojan War takes place.
750 B.C. Greek city-states flourish.
479 B.C. Greece triumphs in Persian Wars.
334 B.C. Alexander starts to build his Empire.
Classical Greece, 2000 B.C. –300 B.C.5CHAPTER
Time Line
2000 B.C. 300 B.C.
Mycenaean Civilization Develops
Mycenaeans-from Mycenae (main city)
• Indo-Europeans from 2000B.C.
• wealthy warrior-kings dominated surrounding lands
Culture and Trade• Invaded Crete and preserved
Minoan culture• From Minoans learned value
of sea trade
Fortified cityof Mycenae--steep rocky ridge--walled city
Trojan War
Trojan War - 1200 BC 10 yr war• Mycenaeans vs Troy
– Trojans kidnapped Helen, wife of Greek King
– Historians: battle for waterway control in Aegean
Mycenaean Collapse – 1200 B.C.– due to war– “Sea raiders” attack and burn city
after city
Dorians & Homer
Rise of Dorians - 1150 - 750 BC– related to Greeks
• dominate Greece (400 years)• less advanced-”Greek Dark Age”
– no written record of languag
Homer• blind, storyteller
– epics - heroic narrative poems– Iliad and Odyssey—stories of Trojan
War
Myths– Tried to understand mysteries of
nature and gods and passions of man
– humanlike but immortal given to the gods
Homer
Warm UpChp 5 Sect 2 PART I
• Why did Greek city-states form oligarchy governments?
• What did the helot revolt in Sparta cause the Spartans to do?
• What role did women and girls have in Spartan society?
Greek City-States
POLIS: The city-statewas primary politicalunit in ancient Greece
Each city controlled 50To 500 sq miles
The city-state or Polis was the main political unit in ancient Greece-A polis was made up of a city and its surrounding countryside which included numerous villages
Acropolis
ACROPOLIS - fortified hilltop (highest)gathering spot for business
Greek’s identified themselvesMore with their local city-state and Less with their share culture
Political Systems in Greek City-States
Governments: 4 types– (1) monarchy - king or
monarch• aristocrats - noble, landowners
– (2) oligarchy - small group of elites
• Wealthy merchants dissatisfied with nobles
Oligarchy: Rule byA small group
Citizen-Soldiers
• Iron made weapons affordable to ordinary citizens
• Army – hoplite (foot soldiers) citizen soldiers– Made up of Common citizens– No ruler ignored the power of
the citizen soldier
• (3) Tyrants– Gained control by appealing
to poor and discontent citizen-soldiers
Phalanx (FAY-lanks)army formation
Sparta Builds a Military State
Sparta
Messenia
Peloponnesus
TROY
Sparta-In Peloponnesus• Messenia - neighbor city-state
– Sparta conquers 725 B.C.– Messenian helots - forced servitude – Spartans put down revolt —forces
Sparta to become militaristic
Government • oligarchy
– (1) Assembly: Elected officials voted on major issues
– (2) Council of Elders: proposed laws
– Two Kings ruled the military
Sparta had the mostpowerful army in Greece
Spartan Class System
Class System• citizen landowners (free)
ruled• non-citizen workers (free)• Helots
• Education – boys military schools, begins at 7y/o– Sparta before family—– Women—no education, managed
estates, participated in sports Bronze statuette of girl runner, probably from Sparta.
Warm UpChp 5 Sect 2 PART II
• What events eventually caused the Athenians to embrace democracy? (pg. 117)
• What did Cleisthenses do to help make Athens a full democracy? (pg 118)
• Why did Darius seek to destroy Athens?
Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
AthensPolitics• (4) democracy - rule by the people
– only free adult males citizens– Women: focus on child rearing
Why democracy in Athens?• To avoid civil war
• Power struggle between rich and poor• Peasants demanded reform
• Draco-Greek lawmaker– Code of law: Created Debt Slavery– Created great conflict between aristocrats and
common people
• Solon - ‘the reformer’ an aristocrat– outlawed debt slavery– Gave all citizens a voice in policy making– Neglected land reforms
• Cleisthenes – Council of 500– limited democracy; only 1 in 5 citizens
Persian Empire Map-490 B.C.
Persians had conqueredGreek lands around 520 B.C. -Ionia in Anatolia
Ionians revolted against Persians -Athens sent ships/soldiers to their aid
Marathon
• Athenians outnumber• Persians overwhelmed
order of phalanx• Athenians defeat
Persians– 6400 Persian/192 Greek
dead
• Pheidippides runs to Athens to tell of defeat and dies
Athens
Greece / Persian Wars Map
Greeks split as 25K Persians approach
Xerxes marches unopposed toward Athens -10k Athenians, 300 Spartans await
At Thermopylae, Xerxes is told of pass aroundMountains—300 Spartans all killed--inspiresAthenians who decide to fight at sea-Athens is burned
Greeks defeat Persian fleet at Salamis and later SpartansDefeat Persian army at Plataea (pluh-TEE-uh)
Greek Fleet atSalamis
Athens strength: At SEA
The Persian Wars
Persian Wars Outcome• Prestige and wealth to
Athens– Athens leads Delian League
• 140 Greek city-states• Athenian navy control League
members
• Ended threat from Persian attack
• Sets stage for golden era for Athens
Delian League
Complete the following
First Battle
Second Battle
Third Battle
Fourth Battle
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major battles of the Persian Wars in Greece. For each battle, include the victor.
Section 2 Assessment
Battle at Marathon
Athenians
Confrontation at Thermopylae
Persians
Salamis
Athenians
Plataea Plain
Spartans
Warring City-States
Warm upChp 5 Sect 3
• How did Pericles propose to strengthen democracy in Athens?
• What did Greek drama tragedies typically focus on?
• What are satires? What did Greek playwrights typically write about in their satires?
Pericles and the Golden Age
Age of Pericles (461 - 429 BC)
• Greek general who dominated Athenian Politics
“Uncrowned King of Athens”
Pericles’ Three Goals for Athens
Glorify Athens: Hired artists, built architectural projects and the Parthenon
Pericles’ Goals
Strengthen Athens’ democracy: Increased number of paid officials, increased citizen participation Hold and strengthen
empire:Built navy through Delian League’s funds, protected overseas trade
Peloponnesian War, 431-404 BC
27 year war to control Greek Peoplesand prosperous trade
Spartans and Athenians Go to War
Peloponnesian War –Land vs. Sea– Sparta: Strengths
• Strong land-based army• Advantage: navy could not attack
Sparta was too far inland
– Athens• Strong navy• Attack Sparta’s allies
– Sparta marches on Athens• Pericles brings citizens into city
behind walls• Sparta burns countryside (food)• Athens spared as long as ships
sailed into harbor
Spartans and Athenians Go to War
2 Disasters– plague in Athens (430 BC)
• 1/3 to 2/3 death rate• Pericles dies
– Syracuse battle (415-413 BC)• army / fleet destroyed
• Athens surrenders (404 BC)– Empire destroyed– Democracy in trouble
Athenian / U.S. Democracy
• Citizens: male; 18 years old;
born of citizen parents
• Laws voted on and proposed
directly by citizen assembly
• Leaders chosen by lot
• Executive branch-Council of
500; carries out laws
• Juries varied in size
• No attorneys; no appeals;
one-day trials
• Citizens: born in Untied States
or completed citizen process
• Representatives elected to
propose and vote on laws
• Elected
• Executive branch-elected &
appointed officials
• Juries composed of 12 jurors
• Defendants and plaintiffs have
attorneys; long appeals process
Direct Democracy Representative Democracy
Philosophers Search for Truth
Philosophers rise in time of uncertainty– “lovers of wisdom”– Believed in natural order of universe
and…– We can understand via logic / reason
• Socrates– Search for universal standard for truth
and justice– Encouraged Greeks to question
themselves and moral character– “Socratic Method” probing questions to
find the truth– condemned to death at 70 “corrupting
the youth of Athens” –of aristocracy• poisoned himself
Socrates
Philosophers Search for Truth
• Plato-student of Scocrates– Studied individual’s class and role in life– The Republic
• perfectly governed society
• “farmers, artisans, warriors and ruling class”
• “Philosopher-king”
• Aristotle– known for his carefully detailed observations
about nature and the physical world, which laid
the groundwork for the modern study of biology. Aristotle
Plato
Warm UpChapter 5 Section 4
• Why was Greece so easily conquered by the Macedonians?
• How big was Alexander’s empire before his death?
Philip Conquers Greece
Greek city-states weak after Peloponnesian War
Philip II - (359 - 336 BC)– King of Macedonia north of Greece– Ambition to control Greece– Greeks looked down on
Macedonians--uncivilized
• Built strong army -phalanx strategy
– Phalanx breaks thru--cavalry strikes
• sites on Greece / Persia– Demosthenes (dee-MAHS-thuh neez) -
Athenian orator• warned other Greeks of Philip’s
intention
– conquered Athens/Thebes in 338 BC
• Murdered at daughter’s wedding - 336 BC
Alexander Defeats Persia
Alexander the Great – son of Philip II (336-323 BC)
• Defeat of Persians in Anatolia, 334 BC– Darius III (Persian king)
• Alexander charges direct at Darius-fled in fear
• Gains control of Anatolia
• offered western 1/3 of his empire; Alexander rejects vows to take all Persia
• Egyptians welcome Alexander as liberator– founds Alexandria (332 BC)– crowned Pharaoh
• Defeats Darius at Gaugamela 250K army at ruins of Nineveh– end of Persian Empire
20 y/o when he became kingStudent of Aristotle
Alexander’s Empire
Alexander leaves Mesopotamia to pursue Darius and conquer the remote Asian provinces
Darius found dead
Alexander’s Conquests
Conquest over Governing• Indus River Valley 327 BC
– Indians used elephant warfare
• 11 years, 11,000 miles– Low morale, he agrees to return to
Babylon to organize/unify empire
• Dies of fever in Babylon– 323 BC; 33 y/o
Post Alexander-Generals fight for control
• Antigonus – Macedonia; Greek city-states
• Ptolemy - Egypt• Seleusus - Persia
Alexander’s Conquests Impact Future Cultures
A new culture arises that blendsGreek, Egyptian and Eastern customs
Range of Alexander’s Empire
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe how far north, south, east, and west Alexander ruled.
Section 4 Assessment
Alexander’s Rule
North
West
South
East
Macedonia
Greece
Egypt
India
Alexander—Empire Builder
Chapter 5Classical Greece,
2000 B.C. - 300 B.C.
Section 5
The Spread of Hellenistic Culture
Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria
Hellenistic (Greek, Persian, Egyptian)– Local traditions with Greek culture
• Alexandria, Egypt– economic and cultural center; an
international community– Alexander’s glass coffin– Pharos lighthouse– Museums/library - 1/2 million scrolls– Center for science and research
Achievements of Hellenistic Culture
Science– earth’s position in solar system—
center of solar system (dominates next 14 centuries
– earth’s circumference– Euclid – mathematician
• Started geometry school
• The Elements (geometry): used by scholars well into 1900s
– Archimedes - geometry/physics• pi (circumference to diameter)
• Archimedes screw to raise/lower water
Euclid
Archimedes
Philosophy and Art
Stoicism– divine power controls universe– Live life in harmony with natural law– Vices: wealth, desires, power are
dangerous– promoted social unity and focus on
control things you could
Epicureanism– universe composed of atoms
• ruled by gods
– harmony of body and mind: only reality is that which the senses perceive
– pursuit of human pleasure
Sculpture– from idealistic to realistic
How people should live their lives: 2 views
Colossus of Rhodes: largest Hellenistic statue
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List Hellenistic achievements in each of the four categories shown below.
Section 5 Assessment
Disproved the belief that the sun was smaller than Greece, advanced the theory that earth revolves around sun
astronomy
geometry
philosophy
art
Stoicism, Epicureanism
Realism in sculpture, Colossus of Rhodes
Euclid’s The Elements, calculation of pi
Category Achievements
The Spread of Hellenistic Culture