chapter 5 challenges to effective policing
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Cengage LearningTRANSCRIPT
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CHALLENGES TO EFFECTIVEPOLICING
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Basic Requirements◦ Educational Requirements◦ Training
Academy Training In the Field Training
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Identify the differences between the police academy and field training as learning tools for recruits.
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Police Academy: Field Training:
◦ Laws of arrest, search, seizure, and interrogation
◦ Weapons use◦ Crime scene
preservation◦ Witness interviewing◦ First aid◦ Self-defense
◦ The field training officer (FTO) helps the rookie apply what s/he has learned “in the streets.”
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Explain the benefits of a culturally diverse police force.
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Benefits of a culturally diverse police force include:◦ Improved community relations◦ Higher levels of service
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Women in Policing Legal Discrimination
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List the three primary purposes of police patrol.
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Police on Patrol The Purpose of Patrol
◦ To deter crime by maintaining a visible presence
◦ To maintain public order and a sense of security
◦ To provide services that are not crime-related
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Routine patrol activities can be categorizedinto four areas:
◦ Preventive patrol◦ Calls for service◦ Administrative duties◦ Officer-initiated activities
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Aggressive Investigation Strategies Clearance Rates and Cold Cases
◦ More than 80 percent of large-city police departments have cold case squads dedicated to unsolved crimes
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Forensic Investigations and DNA – the use of science and technology to investigate crimes
◦ Crime Scene Forensics
For more than a century the most important piece of trace evidence has been the human fingerprint
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Describe how forensic experts use DNA fingerprinting to solve crimes.
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DNA fingerprinting uses a suspect’s DNA to match the suspect to a crime
Emerged in the mid-1990s
A match can be as conclusive as 30 billion to one
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Response Time to 911 Calls Patrol Strategies
◦ Testing General Patrol Theories in Kansas City◦ “Hot Spots” and Crime Mapping
Arrest Strategies◦ The Broken Windows Effect◦ Supporters and Critics
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Explain community policing and its contribution to the concept of problem-oriented policing.
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Community policing is a philosophy that emphasizes community support for and cooperation with the police in preventing crime.◦ Less centralized◦ Proactive
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Problem-Oriented Policing:• A key component of community policing• Moves beyond simply responding to incidents and
attempts instead to control or even solve the root causes of criminal behavior
• Two important aspects of problem-solving policing are “hot spots” and crime mapping
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Police Subculture - the values and perceptions that are shared by members of a police department; these values permeate agencies and are taught to new officers through a process of socialization.
The Core Values of Police Subculture
Police Cynicism
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The Physical Dangers of Police Work The Stress of Police Work
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Determine when police officers are justified in using deadly force.
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The “Misuse” of Force◦ Occurs in only 1.6% of police-public encounters
Types of Force◦ Reasonable force – the degree of force that is
appropriate to protect the police officer or other citizens and is not excessive
◦ Deadly force – force applied by a police officer that is likely or intended to cause death
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The United States Supreme Court and Use of Force:
Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
Graham v. Conner (1989)
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Identify the three traditional forms of police corruption.
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Types of corruption:
◦Bribery
◦Shakedowns
◦Mooching
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Explain what an ethical dilemma is, and name four categories of ethical dilemmas typically facing a police officer.
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Ethical dilemmas are defined as a situationin which law enforcement officers:• Do not know the right course of action• Have difficulty doing what they consider to be
right; and/or• Find the wrong choice very tempting
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Four categories of ethical dilemmas: Discretion Duty Honesty Loyalty