Chapter 5

North American RegionsImpressive similarities between the Indian cultures: general adaptation to European culture

Indian AmericaBecame more independent on European goodsDuring American Revolution they asserted independencePlayed off each the powers, tried to be neutralFrench had better relations as they had no expansion plans, however French could be just as ruthlessMost Indian alliances with French were result of British fear of expansionIndians lost most of their people, Europeans didn'tIndians benefited from the horse

The Spanish BorderlandsNew Spain was the must prosperous colony, however Spain in North America was poorIn Florida, competition for St. Augustine between Brits and Spanish=good relations with Indians in FloridaSt. Augustine also had large black population as it was the destination for many slavesIn New Mexico, the population was poor but expanding, as was LouisianaCalifornia was deadlyReligion played a big role in all the colonies

The French CrescentIn New France religion and state were the sameThinly populatedNew Orleans was the most profitable colonyFrench colony of inclusion=women get property rights, metis, and Indian clothes

New EnglandPuritan GovernmentAll male churchgoers were voters=all laws were mad by religionNot tolerable to other religionsRoger Williams (Rhode Island) argued for tolerationJohn Locke argued for toleration=Toleration Act=other religions in New EnglandFrench and Hurons in the north=no settlement up there

The Middle ColoniesNew York was the most ethnically diverseRich landowners choose to rent versus sell=Pennsylvania more attractiveQuakers who ran Pennsylvania were tolerant vs. Puritans in New EnglandIn Pennsylvania land was sold in individual lots vs. communal plotsIn Pennsylvania people moved around more than in New England=settlement of the individual=basis for future expansion

The BackcountryModest lifestyleDisdain for rank

The SouthWhite, black, and IndiansMost of the population was black slavesPlantation was the institution for social life in CharlestonCharleston grew riceIn the Chesapeake tobacco was grown=smaller plots=more diverse mosaic of farmersGrowing racial solidarity between whites

Traditional Culture in the New WorldDue submission for the general goodTraditional farming vs. plantation farming

Traditional farms diversified (self sufficient) plantation or commercial farming wasn'tGuilds in citiesFew opportunities for women, however some did take on husbands work after their death

The Frontier HeritageLabor was in short supply as people could own their own farms easilyIn Spanish colonies people had Apache slavesQuebec slaves worked with workersWages for free workers were very high=most unskilled work done by slavesHalf of the migrants to 13 colonies were slavesIndentured servants common toConvicts were also sent from BritainBad conditions

Diverging Social and Political PatternsIn the 18th century the three empires grew sharply away from each other

Population GrowthBig population boomHigh fertility rateInfant mortality downDifferent immigration policies led to English boomEveryone allowed into the colonies

Social ClassAttempts to establish the class structure failed in the New WorldLand monopolies (New York) where large landowners owned the land were established, however people had access to cheap land for themselves (Pennsylvania) that few people settled on themNorth America had an economic not aristocratic hierarchyNew France has the SeigneursNew Spain rank is based on raceIn Catholic cultures people of title were from European nobility, while Brits celebrated social mobility=people worked towards new class

Economic Growth and Increasing InequalityIn Catholic colonies bureaucracy stifled economic growth while in 13 colonies business boomedBritish Colonies increasing economic inequality as all money in rich handsLand became more expensive in British coloniesLess land, hemmed in by French and IndiansLand was divided up into parts for heirs=smaller plots=farm the land harder for $$=soil exhaustion=need more landAs a result more poor people

Contrasts in Colonial PoliticsCatholic colonies were very centralized vs. British systemLocal assemblies in British colonies (voted from freemen)Assemblies controlled $$ therefore controlled colony

The Cultural Transformation of British North AmericaMarked with increasing ethnic diversity, economic growth and social tensionsIdeas of the Enlightenment reach BNA vs. Catholic suppression of new ideas in their colonies

The Enlightenment ChallengePeople weren't born into positionLocke wanted rights for people vs. governmentEnlightenment appealed to those who had bettered themselves in societyEnlightenment spread in BNA cause most people were literate vs. Catholic colonies had low literacy rates=Enlightenment didn't spreadWealth led to the creation of a "cultured" class=thought about the enlightenment

A Decline in Religious DevotionNew ideas=decline in old ideas (religion)Opposed Calvinism (church idea) that people were predestined liked Arminianism instead ( you worked your way to heaven)

The Great AwakeningChurch began to favor rich merchants (they were the ones who were into enlightenment)Edwards, preacher led emotional sermons to get poor people back to churchPreached purity, no decadenceOne of the first national events in historyChildren begin to attend church

Great Awakening PoliticsGreat Awakening applied more to those who weren't rich (therefore didn't believe in enlightenment as they had not bettered themselves"