chapter 5
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Chapter 5. By Coach Murray. Sponges – Filters of the Sea (5-30). Phylum Porifera – 10,000 species mistaken for plants, heterotrophs , up to 16 ft wide, filter 20 x volume in 1 min., secrete mucus to avoid clogging - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 5
By Coach Murray
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Sponges – Filters of the Sea (5-30)
• Phylum Porifera – 10,000 species mistaken for plants, heterotrophs, up to 16 ft wide, filter 20 x volume in 1 min., secrete mucus to avoid clogging
• Multicelluar: collar cels (move H2O), amoebocyte (absorb/distribute nutrients), osculum (or oscula),
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Sponges – Filters of the Sea (5-30)
• Special Attributes of Sponges– Larvae are free swimming and attach themselves
to reef/structures and begin growing into adults– Defense: needlelike spicules (Fig 5-30 in green)
made of glass/calcium or some secrete toxic chemicals
– Can regenerate
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Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish (5-33)
• Phyllum Cnidaria – soft/hard corals, sea anemones, hydroids, sea fans, and jellyfish– Radial symmetry, umbrella shaped body polyp or
medusa (tentacles/mouth facing up or down)– Nematocysts – stinging cells on tentacles
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Examples of Cnidarians
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Cnidarian Anatomy
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Speical Attributes of Corals and Anemones
• Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa – 6000 species of sessile polyps (corals and anemones)– Hard corals build reefs made of calcium carbonate
grow for 100+ yrs and shape entire coastlines
– Feed at night on drifting plankton and look fuzzy – tentacles of genus Symbiodinium a dinoflagellate
– Corals get their color from these dinoflagellates
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Special Attributes of Fire Corals and Siphonophores
• Class Hydrozoa – colonial, alternate b/w polyp and medusa in their lifecycle
• Examples: Portuguese man-of-war– Has a fish like wish the same name
• Siphonophores all sting
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Special Attributes of Jellyfish
• Class Scyphozoa – jellyfish, drift w/current, pulsate bodies to move, eat plankton + fish, grow up to 10’ long, larvae blooms can cause clouds 100 mi. long, prey of Leatherbacks/fish– Examples • Box Jellyfish
– Kills humans
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Simple Marine Worms (5-41)
• 22 Phyla of 32 animal Phyla are worms (Whoa!)
• You need to know 3 Phyla – Platyhelminthes – flat worms, mostly parasitic, 1
opening in body– Nemertea – semi-flat worms, carnivores, – Nemotoda – round worms, parasitic, 1 way
digestive system,
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Simple Marine Worms (5-41)
Platyhelminthes – the flat worms
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Simple Marine Worms (5-41)Nemertea – the ribbon worms
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Simple Marine Worms (5-41)Nematoda – round worms
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Mollusks – Bag, Scraper, and a Foot (5-43)
• Phyllum Molluska – 100,000 species, 3 classes – Classes Gastropoda , Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda
• General Characters of all Mollusks (Fig 5-46)– Mantle = muscular bag for motion/feeding– Muscular foot/tentacles, radulla are like teeth
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Special Attributes of Class Gastropoda
• Characters: (most have 1 shell) snails, slugs, sea slugs, conch
• Undergo torsion in development: body twists into a loop that rearranges organs and bring them back together into a spiral shell
• Those w/o shells use toxins for defense
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Special Attributes of Class Gastropoda
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Special Attributes of Class Bivalvia
• Characters: (2 hinged shells) – no head, mantle acts as bag for filter feeding
• Close shell for protection, pearls form layers of nacre (dirt surrounded by calcium carbonate)
• Ex. 10,000 species of clams, oysters, and scallops
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Special Attributes of Class Bivalvia
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Special Attributes of Class Cephalopoda
• Characters: (head-footed) – cuttlefish, squid, octopii
• No shell, muscular foot = tentacles/arms, eyes• Siphon – water propeller• Chromatophores – color changing cells• Suckers for gripping
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Special Attributes of Class Cephalopoda
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Echinoderms – Stars of the Sea (5-57)
• Phylum Echinodermata = means “spiny skin”– Exoskeleton, madreporite, water vascular system,
tube feet, radial (adult), bilateral (larvae), eyespots• Examples: starfish, sea urchins, basket stars,
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Echinoderms – Stars of the Sea (5-57)
• More Phylum Echinodermata Examples: Sand dollar, sea cucumber
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Crustaceans- Underwater Arthropods – (5-51)
• Phylum Arthropoda – (“bugs”)1 million species, segmented bodies, jointed legs, exoskelton of chitin.– Superclass Crustacea – 2 antennae, manibiles for
chewing, pair of appendages for each body segment, molt their exoskeletons
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Crustaceans – Underwater Arthropods
• Special Attributes of Class Cirripedia– Barnacles– Free swimming larvae fuses itself to hard surface– Has a carapace and uses cirri to gather food
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Crustaceans – Underwater Arthropods
• Class Copepoda – small, teardrop shaped, < 1mm (5-53)
• Eat phytoplankton and zooplankton• Eaten by fish, krill, whale sharks, baleen
whales• Fecal pellets recycle ocean nutrients rapidly
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Invertebrate Chordates (5-62)
• Characters• Examples
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Vertebrates – 40,000 species
• Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata (64)– Characters of Subphylum Vertebrata– Top of all food webs, large, fast, complex, highly
developed organisms w/ 4 limbs, complex eyes– Anthropomorphism - making human things
human when they are not
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Vertebrates (The Significance of Class Agnatha 5-64)
• Jawless fish, shark/bony fish ancestor(?) where 1st three gill arches became the jaws of bony fish/sharks
• Ex. Lampreys, hagfish, eels
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Sharks and Rays – Teeth and Wings (5-65)
• Class Condrichthyes, Subclass Elasmobranchii: 1000 species, have jaws, skeleton of cartilage a swim bladder, lateral line, gill slits, energy efficient, quick, inconspicuous predator
• Efficient: cartilage lighter than bone, fins sit at angles and asymmetrical tails to provide lift, elastic skin, denticles not scales, teeth grow as conveyor belt (25,000 teeth in lifetime)
• Ampullae of Lorenzini for electroreception
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Sharks and Rays – Teeth and Wings (5-69) Continued
• Class Condrichthyes, Subclass Elasmobranchii:– Most do internal fertilization, few (1-10) mature
offspring – some species do lay eggs– Shark fin soup is made by catching the sharks,
cutting off the fins and dumping the shark overboard
– Size of your hand to 46ft (Whale shark)
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Subclass Elasmobranchii
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Subclass Elasmobranchii
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Bony Fish – Half the World’s Vertebrates – 25,000+ (5-73)
• Characteristics of Bony Fish– Class Osteichthyes– Skeleton of bone, true jaws, scales, external
reproduction (100++ eggs), fusiform shape– swim bladder (buoyancy control – get Nitrogen
from bloodstream)– Lateral lines (detect vibrations – schooling and
feeding), countershading (dark top, bright underside)
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Swim Bladder
What is it? What does it do?
References:http://www.glossop-sea-angling-club.co.uk/webpages/venting_files/bladder1.gif
•Internal organ – an oblong gas sack•Controls buoyancy in the water column•Filled with Nitrogen and Oxygen gas•Gas comes from 2 places: gulping or from the bloodstream
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Lateral Line• A system of hollow fluid filled
canals• Most species can be seen
externally• Allow the fish to detect
motion and vibrations• Important for:
– Schooling– Predator detection– Prey detection
• References• http://www.hatchesmagazine.com/images/12806.04.01.jpg• http://www.amazonian-fish.co.uk/images/plagioscon_squamosiss
imus.jpg
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FusiformStructure: A type of shape…..
Side view: Spindle shaped which is broader at the head and a V-shaped tail.Front view: compressed
Function: reduces drag and turbulance
References: http://www.fullpullsportfishing.com/images/fish/bf_tuna.jpg
http://www.marinebiology.org/images/bodyshape.GIF
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Special Attributes of Orders Clupeiformes and Gadiformes (5-75)
• Clupeiformes– Small silvery fish, low on food chain (eat diatoms)– Account for ¼ of all fish caught– Ex. Anchovies, sardines, pilchards
• Gadiformes– 1/6 of fish catch but close to commericial
extinction – Ex. Cods, whiting, and haddock
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GadiformesMelanogrammus aeglefinus - Haddock
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GadiformesOphiodon elongatus - Alaskan Ling Cod
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Marine Reptiles – Cold Blood and Warm Water (5-77)
• Characters: few live in ocean, cold blooded, have lungs, internal reproduction(eggs)
• Order Crocodilia – alligators, crocodiles, and caimans
• Lives in estuaries, not truly a marine species
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Order Crocodilia – Alligators, Caimans, and Crocodiles
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Gators and Caimans vs. Crocs• Jaw/Snout/Nose Width– Gators and Caimans: U shaped nose, wide jaws, built for
crushing turtles shells – Crocs: more V shaped nose, narrow jaws
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Gators and Caimans vs. Crocs• Tooth Placement– Gators: lower jaw more narrow so teeth in bottom jaw
almost hidden– Crocs: upper and lower jaw the same size, top and bottom
teeth interlock and show– Crocs: large 4th tooth
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Special Attributes of Marine Crocodiles, Turtles, Snakes and Lizards
• Order Chelonia (turtles and tortoises) – 7 marine species which eat plants/animals, all bycatch hazards, lay 100 – 120 eggs in dunes
• Ex. Green sea turtle, Leatherback• Order Squamata – 61 sea snake species, cobra
relatives, deadly venom, – Marine iguana only marine reptile – swims, dives,
and is an herbivore (algae), Galapagos native
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Order Chelonia – Chelonia mydas (Green sea turtle)
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Order Chelonia – Caretta caretta – Loggerhead sea turtle
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Order Squamata
Aipyisurus lavevis – Olive sea snake Laticauda colubrina – Banded sea snake
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Seabirds – At Flight Over and In the Ocean (5-81)
• Characters: Class Aves – 10,000 feathered species of birds, forelimbs, 4 chambered heart, internal fertilization of eggs,
• Prey on: fish, crustaceans, mollusks, Predators: sharks
• Indicate marine ecosystem health, guano• Adaptations: bills, longer wings, webbed feet,
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Marine Mammals – Warm Blood in Cold Water (5-83)
• Class Mammalia: – top of food web, need extra energy for
thermoregulation, breathe air– Have myoglobin, mammalian diving reflex, flexible
skin, echolocation (dolphins and whales)• Examples– Dolphins, whales, seals, sea lions
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Can you name these 3 pinnipeds?
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Special Attributes of Seals and Sea Lions
• Order Pinnipedia – examples and characters– Seals: no ear flaps, hind flippers point backwards,
crawls on stomach– Sea Lions: ear flaps, hind flippers can rotate hind
flippers forward, sit more upright, run by pivoting – Walrus: no earl flaps, can rotate hind flippers like
sea lions
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Special Attributes of Dolphins, Whales, and Porpoises (5-86)
• Order Cetacea – fish like mammals, breathe through dorsal blow holes, no hind limbs, muscular tail, blubber
• 2 suborders – use echolocation (hunting/communicating)– Mysticeti – baleen whales (humpback, gray, blue),
all big b/c consume at bottom of food chain– Odontoceti – toothed whales (sperm whale, orcas,
dolphins, porpoise) , keen ability to learn
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Special Attributes of Dugongs and Manatees
• Order Sirenia (4 species, all mammals + herbivores)– Manatees – elephant relative, rare, killed by boat
screws, aka “sea cow”, native to northern S. America
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Marine Mammals and Human Interactions
• http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504784_162-20011367-10391705.html