chapter 4c introduction to linux

8/8/2019 Chapter 4c Introduction to Linux

1/22

Introduction to Linux

Linux

Basic Commands


2/22

2

Linux is a computer operating system. free software (open-source)

source code is available to the public

freely use

Modify

redistribute it.

Primarily developed and used by individual enthusiasts.

Since then, Linux has gained the support of major corporations such as IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and Novell for use in servers and is gaining popularity in the desktop market.

Originally developed for Intel 386 microprocessors. Now embedded systems

personal computers

supercomputers.

Linux Introduction


3/22

3

What is Linux?

Free i.e. free of charge, freedom to use Linux, and free Software applications,programming languages, and development tools etc.

Unix Like: i.e. Like Unix, Linux runs on different hardware platform; e.g. Intel x86processor (Celeron/PII/PIII/PIV/Old-Pentiums/80386/80486)

Macintosh PC's, Cyrix processor, AMD processor, SunMicrosystems Sparc

processor, Alpha Processor (Compaq)

Like Unix its alsoMulti-user/Multitasking/32 or 64 bit Network OS.

Open Source Linux is developed under the GNU Public License referred to ascopyleft (not a copyright)

Different vendors and volunteer developers share source code and build on each

others work. The source code is available, freely modifiable, developed, and so forth.

There are only a few restrictions on the use of the code.

If you make changes to the programs, you have to make those changes available

to everyone.

Network operating system it is Internetwork and Internet-aware


4/22

4

How to get Linux?

Linux available for download over the net, this

is useful if your internet connection is fast.

Another way is the installation from CD-ROMwhich is fast/automatic.

Various Linux distributions available. Following

are important Linux distributions.


5/22

5

Various Linux distribution

Linux distributions Website/Logo

Red Hat Linux: http://www.redhat.com/

SuSE Linux: http://www.suse.com/

Mandrake Linux: http://www.mandrakesoft.com/

Caldera Linux: http://www.calderasystems.com/

Debian GNU/Linux: http://www.debian.org/

Slackware Linux: http://www.slackware.com/


6/22

6

How to use Linux?

use Linux :

as Server Os

as stand alone Os on your PC.


7/22

7

What is Kernel?

Kernel is the core of Linux Os

(Operating System).

It acts as an intermediary

between the computerhardware and various

programs/application/shell.


8/22

8

What is X-Windows? X-Windows is the most common graphical interface for Linux / Unix


9/22

9

What is Linux Shell/Console ?

Shell is a command-lineinterface to the kernel.

It is a user program thatprovide user interaction

i.e. traditional userinterface.

Shell is a commandlanguage interpreter thatexecutes commands readfrom the standard inputdevice (keyboard) or froma file.


10/22

10

How to use Shell ?

From X Windows, click the right hand button

of the mouse.

Choose: Open Terminal

Type the shell command at the prompt


11/22

11

What is a directory?

Directory is group of files. It is used to

organize your data files and programs more

efficiently.

It is divided into two types:

Root directory (shown by / and have only one in

your system)

Sub directory (other directory under root, can be

created and renamed by the user).


12/22

12

Linux File

SystemStructure


13/22

13

Away to do things in Linux / Unix

Commands are typed at the command prompt / console

In Linux / Unix, everything(including commands) is case-sensitive

Linux Basic Commands

[prompt]$

[kpu01@localhost ~]$ls l -a unix-tutorial

Command PromptCommand

(Optional) flags

(Optional) arguments

Note: Youre expected to know what youre doing. Many

commands will print a message only if something went wrong.


14/22

14

The Shell prompts

Usually the prompts defined as:

Username

Host name (machine name) Name of the directory

Example:

[kpu01@localhost ~]$

The Command Prompt


15/22

File Handling commands

mkdir make directories Usage: mkdir [OPTION]DIRECTORY...

eg. mkdir csc1100

ls Display a listing of all the files in the current directory (called folders

in other OS) Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

eg. ls, or ls -al, or ls csc1100

The l option means to give a listing in one column.

The a option means to show all files.

cd changes directories

Usage: cd [DIRECTORY] eg. cd csc1100

cp used to copy the files cp File1 dir-name/new-filename


16/22

16

Most commands have manyoptions

ls la List all files, longformat

File names starting in dot arenormally hidden

Permissions are; Read, Write,eXecute

Columns are owner, group,and all

Linux Introduction


17/22

File Handling commands

pwd print name of current working directory

Usage: pwd

ps report a snapshot of the current processes

Usage: ps [OPTION] eg. ps, ps el

cat concatenate files and print on the standard output Usage: cat [OPTION] [FILE]...

eg. cat file1.txt file2.txt

locate find or locate a file Usage: locate [OPTION]... FILE...

eg. locate file1.txt


18/22

File Handling(contd...)

rm remove files or directoriesUsage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...

eg. rm file1.txt , rm rf some_dir

find search for files in a directory hierarchyUsage: find [OPTION] [path] [pattern]

eg. find file1.txt, find name file1.txt

history prints recently used commands

Usage: history clear - clear the screen .Usage:clear


19/22

Editor commands

kate KDE Advanced Text EditorUsage: kate [options][file(s)]

eg. kate file1.txt file2.txt

vim Vi Improved, a programmers text editorUsage: vim [OPTION] [file]...

e.g. vi hello.c e.g. vim file1.txt

gedit A text Editor. Used to create and edit files.Usage: gedit [OPTION] [FILE]...

eg. gedit


20/22

Example

To create a directory named test1

[kpu01@localhost ~]$mkdir test1

To move to that directory

[kpu01@localhost ~]$

cd test1 To move up one directory level (the parent

directory).[kpu01@localhost ~]$cd ..

To copy the file namedcontoh1.txt

indirectory home into directory test1 and give anew name test2.cpp

$cp contoh1.txt test1/test2.cpp


21/22

Sources to learn commands??

Primary man(manual) pages.

man shows all information about the

command

help - shows the available options for

that command

Secondary Books and Internet


22/22

Self test

1. Write a shell command to display all the filesand directories in the current directory.

2. Write a shell command to display a long list

of all files and directories in the currentdirectory.

chapter 4c introduction to linux

Documents