chapter 49 circulatory systems
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CHAPTER 49 Circulatory Systems. Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems. Circulatory Systems: Pumps, Vessels, and Blood Vertebrate Circulatory Systems The Human Heart: Two Pumps in One. Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems. The Vascular System: Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins Blood: A Fluid Tissue - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
CHAPTER 49Circulatory Systems
Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Chapter 49: Circulatory SystemsCirculatory Systems: Pumps, Vessels, Circulatory Systems: Pumps, Vessels,
and Bloodand Blood
Vertebrate Circulatory SystemsVertebrate Circulatory Systems
The Human Heart: Two Pumps in OneThe Human Heart: Two Pumps in One
Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Chapter 49: Circulatory SystemsThe Vascular System: Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins
Blood: A Fluid Tissue
Control and Regulation of Circulation Control and Regulation of Circulation
Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Systems: Pumps, Vessels, and Blood• Metabolic needs of the cells of small
aquatic animals are met by direct exchange of materials with the external medium.
• Those of the cells of larger animals are met by a circulatory system that transports nutrients, respiratory gases, and metabolic wastes throughout the body.
Review Figure 49.14
Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
49.1
Figure 49.1
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Systems: Pumps, Vessels, and Blood• In open circulatory systems the blood
or tissue fluid leaves vessels and percolates through tissues.
Review Figure 49.2
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
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Figure 49.2
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Systems: Pumps, Vessels, and Blood• In closed circulatory systems the blood
is contained in a system of vessels.
Review Figure 49.3
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
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Figure 49.3
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Vertebrate Circulatory Systems• The circulatory systems of vertebrates The circulatory systems of vertebrates
consist of a heart and a closed system consist of a heart and a closed system of vessels containing blood separate of vessels containing blood separate from tissue fluid. from tissue fluid.
• Arteries and arterioles carry blood Arteries and arterioles carry blood from the heart; from the heart;
• Capillaries are the site of exchange Capillaries are the site of exchange between blood and tissue fluid; between blood and tissue fluid;
• Venules and veins carry blood back to Venules and veins carry blood back to the heart.the heart.
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Vertebrate Circulatory Systems• The vertebrate heart evolved from two The vertebrate heart evolved from two
chambers in fishes to three in chambers in fishes to three in amphibians and reptiles and four in amphibians and reptiles and four in crocodilians, mammals, and birds. crocodilians, mammals, and birds.
• This progression has led to an This progression has led to an increasing separation of blood flow to increasing separation of blood flow to the gas exchange organs and to the the gas exchange organs and to the rest of the body.rest of the body.
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
• In birds and mammals, blood In birds and mammals, blood circulates through the pulmonary circulates through the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.circuit and the systemic circuit.
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
The Human Heart: Two Pumps in One
• The human heart has four chambers. The human heart has four chambers.
• Valves prevent the backflow of blood. Valves prevent the backflow of blood.
Review Figure 49.4Review Figure 49.4
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
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Figure 49.4 – Part 1Figure 49.4 – Part 1
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
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Figure 49.4 – Part 2Figure 49.4 – Part 2
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
The Human Heart: Two Pumps in One
• The cardiac cycle has two phases: The cardiac cycle has two phases: systole, in which the ventricles contract; systole, in which the ventricles contract; and diastole, in which they relax. and diastole, in which they relax.
• Sequential heart sounds are made by Sequential heart sounds are made by heart valves closing. heart valves closing.
Review Figure 49.5Review Figure 49.5
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
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Figure 49.5Figure 49.5
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
The Human Heart: Two Pumps in One
• Blood pressure can be measured using Blood pressure can be measured using a sphygmomanometer and a a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope. stethoscope.
Review Figure 49.6Review Figure 49.6
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Figure 49.6Figure 49.6
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
The Human Heart: Two Pumps in One• The autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system
controls heart rate. controls heart rate.
• Sympathetic activity increases it, Sympathetic activity increases it, parasympathetic activity decreases it. parasympathetic activity decreases it.
• This is due to the effects of This is due to the effects of norepinephrine and acetylcholine on norepinephrine and acetylcholine on the depolarization rate of the the depolarization rate of the membranes of pacemaker cells. membranes of pacemaker cells.
Review Figure 49.7Review Figure 49.7
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
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Figure 49.7Figure 49.7
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
The Human Heart: Two Pumps in One
• The sinoatrial node controls the The sinoatrial node controls the cardiac cycle by initiating a wave of cardiac cycle by initiating a wave of depolarization in the atria, which is depolarization in the atria, which is conducted to the ventricles through conducted to the ventricles through the atrioventricular node. the atrioventricular node.
Review Figure 49.8Review Figure 49.8
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Figure 49.8Figure 49.8
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
The Human Heart: Two Pumps in One
• The EKG records electric potentials The EKG records electric potentials resulting from contraction and resulting from contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscles. relaxation of cardiac muscles.
Review Figure 49.9Review Figure 49.9
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Figure 49.9Figure 49.9
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
The Vascular System: Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins• Arteries and arterioles have many Arteries and arterioles have many
elastic fibers enabling them to elastic fibers enabling them to withstand high pressures. withstand high pressures.
• Abundant smooth muscle cells allow Abundant smooth muscle cells allow them to contract and expand, altering them to contract and expand, altering their resistance and thus blood flow. their resistance and thus blood flow.
Review Figure 49.10Review Figure 49.10
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Figure 49.10 – Part 1Figure 49.10 – Part 1
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
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Figure 49.10 – Part 2Figure 49.10 – Part 2
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
The Vascular System: Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins• Capillary beds are the site of exchange Capillary beds are the site of exchange
of materials between blood and tissue of materials between blood and tissue fluid.fluid.
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
The Vascular System: Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins• Fluid exchange between blood and
tissues is determined by the balance between blood pressure and osmotic potential in the capillaries.
Review Figure 49.12
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Figure 49.12Figure 49.12
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
The Vascular System: Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins• The ability of a specific molecule to The ability of a specific molecule to
cross a capillary wall depends on cross a capillary wall depends on
– Capillary architecture, Capillary architecture,
– type of substance, and type of substance, and
– concentration gradient between the concentration gradient between the blood and tissue fluid.blood and tissue fluid.
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
The Vascular System: Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins• A separate system of vessels, the A separate system of vessels, the
lymphatic system, returns the tissue lymphatic system, returns the tissue fluid to the blood.fluid to the blood.
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
The Vascular System: Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins• Veins have a high capacity for storing Veins have a high capacity for storing
blood. Aided by gravity, contractions of blood. Aided by gravity, contractions of skeletal muscle, and the actions of skeletal muscle, and the actions of breathing, they carry blood back to the breathing, they carry blood back to the heart. heart.
Review Figure 49.13Review Figure 49.13
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Figure 49.13Figure 49.13
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
The Vascular System: Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins• Cardiovascular disease is responsible Cardiovascular disease is responsible
for about half of all deaths in the U.S. for about half of all deaths in the U.S. and Europe. and Europe.
• Atherosclerosis and thrombus Atherosclerosis and thrombus formation can lead to potentially fatal formation can lead to potentially fatal conditions such as heart attack and conditions such as heart attack and stroke. stroke.
• Diet and behavior are the keys to good Diet and behavior are the keys to good cardiovascular health.cardiovascular health.
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Blood: A Fluid Tissue
• Blood can be divided into a plasma portion and a cellular portion.
• All of the cellular components are produced from stem cells in the bone marrow.
Review Figure 49.15
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Figure 49.15
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Blood: A Fluid Tissue
• Red blood cells transport respiratory gases.
• Their production in the bone marrow is stimulated by erythropoietin, which is produced in response to hypoxia in the tissues.
Review Figure 49.16
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Figure 49.16
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Blood: A Fluid Tissue
• Platelets, along with circulating proteins, are involved in clotting responses.
Review Figure 49.17
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Figure 49.17 – Part 1
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Figure 49.17 – Part 249.17
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Figure 49.17 – Part 2
Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Blood: A Fluid Tissue
• Plasma is a complex solution containing gases, ions, nutrient molecules, proteins, and other molecules.
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Control and Regulation of Circulation
• Blood flow through capillary beds is controlled by local autoregulation mechanisms, hormones, and the autonomic nervous system.
Review Figure 49.18
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
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Figure 49.18
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Control and Regulation of Circulation
• Blood pressure is controlled in part by the hormones vasopressin and angiotensin, which stimulate contraction of blood vessels.
Review Figure 49.19
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Figure 49.19
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Control and Regulation of Circulation
• Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
• It responds to information about blood pressure and blood composition that is integrated by the brain’s regulatory centers.
Review Figure 49.20
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
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Figure 49.20
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Chapter 49: Circulatory Systems
Control and Regulation of Circulation
• Diving mammals conserve blood oxygen stores by slowing the heart rate during dives.
Review Figure 49.21
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Figure 49.21
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