chapter 46 emergency response to terrorism. © 2005 by thomson delmar learning,a part of the thomson...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 46Emergency Response to Terrorism
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Overview
Terrorism Defined Emergency Response to Terrorism Weapons of Mass Destruction Contamination vs. Irradiation Preparedness Emergency Response
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Terrorism Defined
An illegal act involving the use of force designed to intimidate the public
Domestic terrorists are US citizens who have a dispute with issues and policies of the US
International terrorists are citizens from other countries that have a dispute with the policies of the US
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Oklahoma City: FEMA News Photo New York: Photo by Bri Rodriguez/FEMA News Photo
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Stop and Review
What is meant by the term terrorism? Differentiate between domestic and
international terrorism.
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Emergency Response to Terrorism
Preplanning and training are the first steps in being able to effectively respond to a terrorist attack
Awareness level training is the minimum level of training at which all emergency responders should be trained
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Weapons of Mass Destruction
These are devices designed to kill or maim as many people as possible at one time
There are three classifications:– Nuclear– Biological– Chemical
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Nuclear Weapons
Placement of an explosive device with depleted nuclear materials
Called dirty bombs or nuclear dispersion devices
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Evidence of a NDD
Unusual debris (lead shielding) Pieces of small metal containers Dispersed powder or ceramic granules Blue or purple glow from powder or metal Unexplained heat from powder or metal
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Nuclear Weapons
Other targets for nuclear attacks:– Fixed facilities that store nuclear materials– Trains, ships, or trucks that transport nuclear
materials
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Identifying Nuclear Materials
Transported in a cask Marked with a red or
black trefoil in a white or yellow triangle
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Protection against Nuclear Materials
Time, distance, shielding Geiger counter Radiation pager
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Contamination vs. Irradiation
When irradiated, you can become ill but you are not still contaminated; you only suffer from the injury related to the dose of radiation
When contaminated, you still are giving off radiation and can continue to contaminate others around you
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Biological Weapons
There are three classes of weapons:– Bacterial agents– Viral agents– Biological toxins
Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control Public Health Image Library.
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Bacterial Agents
Anthrax– Is resistant to typical means of disinfection– Can be aerosolized and spread through the air– Can remain infectious in soil or water for many years– Symptoms include: fever, fatigue, cough, chest
discomfort progressing to severe respiratory distress
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Bacterial Agents
Plague– Weaponized into an aerosolized form– Highly contagious– Symptoms include flu-like symptoms which
progress to respiratory distress and further to cardiovascular and respiratory collapse
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Bacterial Agents
Glanders – Spread from animals to humans– Contracted through inhalation– Symptoms include chills, cold sweats,
headache, progressing to acute systemic infection and septic shock
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Viral Agents
Smallpox– Lack of current immunizations makes this
a biological threat– Symptoms include rash concentrated on
the face and extremities– Treatment is solely supportive
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Viral Agents
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF)– Ebola is the most common– Spread via contact and airborne contagions– Symptoms include flushing face and chest,
fever, petechiae
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Biological Toxins
Harmful substances created by microorganisms– Botulinum– Ricin
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Chemical Weapons
Five classifications:– Nerve agents– Blister agents– Blood agents– Choking agents– Irritating agents
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Nerve Agents
Stem from pesticides (organophosphates)
SLUDGEM represents the classic symptom pattern
Additional symptoms are pinpoint pupils, blurry vision, involuntary muscle twitching, chest pressure
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Blister Agents
Generally not fatal; used to incapacitate large numbers of people
Symptoms include reddened skin that becomes covered with blisters
Can rub off clothing Mustard gas, lewisite
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Blood Agents
Cyanide– Interferes with the ability of blood to use oxygen– Colorless gas with a faint almond smell– Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, headaches
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Choking Agents
Cause severe respiratory distress and asphyxia
Chlorine gas, phosgene gas Symptoms include burning in the
eyes, coughing fits, choking
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Irritating Agents
Generally not lethal Tear gas, riot gas, pepper spray Symptoms include coughing, choking,
shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting
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Preparedness
Emergency Operations Plan (EOP)– Hazard analysis– Resource list– Facilities list– Collaboration with law enforcement is important
Federal Response Plan (FRP)
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Preparedness
LACES is mnemonic for remembering the keys to scene safety– Look-out– Awareness– Communications– Escape route– Safety zones
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Emergency Response
Survey Scene– Identify the hazards – Activate the plan– Call additional resources– Be aware of people around scene upon arrival
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Emergency Response
Air monitoring and detection devices– Geiger counter– Dosimeter– Ionizing detection units– Colorimetric sampling
device
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Emergency Response
Self-protection– Time– Distance– Shielding
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Emergency Response
Threat reduction– TRACEM is a mnemonic that helps remember the
hazards to look for• Thermal • Radiation• Asphyxiants• Chemicals • Etiologic• Mechanical
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Stop and Review
What is an emergency operations plan? Name potential signs of a terrorist attack. Describe the principles of self-protection in
the event of a terrorist attack.