Chapter 4.5 The Civil War & Reconstruction

The Civil War & Taking Sides•The slave states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, & Missouri remained in the Union however there was a bitter struggle •Robert E. Lee was offered command of the Union forces but he instead joined the Confederates b/c he was loyal to Virginia

Emancipation

• Lincoln initially rejected a policy of emancipation to keep the border states in the Union

• The Emancipation Proclamation was justified as a military necessity

The End of the Civil War

• Lincoln’s second inaugural address was a plea for reconciliation

• In April 1865 Gen. Lee surrendered to Gen. Grant at Appomattox Court House

• The Death toll of the Civil War was 630,000

Questions After the War• Should the Confederate

leaders be tried for treason?

• How should new governments be formed?

• Who should pay for the rebuilding of the of the South’s economy?

• What was to done with the freed slaves?

The Grand Review of Union Troops in Victory

New Amendments

• 13th Amendment – an end to slavery (1865)

• 14th Amendment – protect the legal rights of all citizens, due process of law, & citizenship for freedmen (1868)

• 15th Amendment – A/A men could vote (1870)

Legally Free, Socially Bound

• After the war, rumors swept the South that ex-slaves would receive 40 acres and a mule

• According to a Confederate general, recently freed blacks had "nothing but freedom"

The Radical Republicans• These Republicans

understood that essential to maintaining Republican control of the federal government was the right of ex-slaves to vote

• 14th Amendment guaranteed equal legal protection to all citizens

• The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was passed over Johnson’s veto

Hiram Rhodes Revels• He was elected as the first

African American to serve in the United States Senate, and was the first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress. He represented Mississippi in the Senate in 1870 and 1871 during the Reconstruction era.

• During the American Civil War, Revels had helped organize two regiments of the United States Colored Troops and served as a chaplain. After serving in the Senate, Revels was appointed as the first president of Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College (now Alcorn State University), 1871-1873 and 1876 to 1882. Later he served again as a minister.

White Terror• The primary objective of the

KKK was oppressing blacks & white Republicans

• In response to the Klan, Grant tried to protect black rights

• White supremacist violence, electoral fraud, the panic of 1873, & the growing weakness of Grant’s administration, all contributed to the weakening of Republican control in the South.

Cartoon chiding the Ku Klux Klan and the White League for promoting conditions

"worse than slavery"

The Election of 1876

• Grant didn’t seek a 3rd term b/c by 1875, he knew there was growing opposition to his re-nomination

• The Electoral Commission, set up by congress in Jan. 1877 consisted of 15 members, 5 from the House, Senate, & Supreme Court

• The Compromise of 1877 ended Radical Reconstruction

Tilden Hayes

Booker T. Washington

• The Atlanta compromise was an agreement struck in 1895 between Booker T. Washington, president of the Tuskegee Institute, and other African-American leaders, and Southern white leaders. It was opposed by W. E. B. Du Bois and other African-American leaders.

W.E.B. Du Bois

• Du Bois was very much against the Atlanta Compromise. He wanted full civil rights immediately.

• He went on to co-found the NAACP in 1909

Plessy v. Ferguson

• In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the Supreme Court ruled segregation was legal if there was equality, however there was rarely ever equality.

• Brown v. Board of Education (1954) started to change Plessy.