chapter 45 common commercial construction materials

Chapter 45

Common Commercial Construction Materials

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Links for Chapter 45

Wood

Concrete Block

Poured Concrete

Steel Construction

Common Connectors

Related Web Sites

3

Wood

• Platform construction is similar to residential construction– Walls are framed the same but require a

different finish to obtain a specific fire rating

– Roof trusses or joists are 24” to 36” o.c.

– Purlins are smaller beams placed between larger beams

4

Wood

1/2" GYP. BD.

2 x 4 STUDS

GYPSUM BD.5/8" TYPE 'X'

CEMENT PLASTER


2 x 4 SILL

7/8" EXTERIOR

TRUE1-HOUR WALL

1-HOUR WALL WOOD SIDING

1/2" GYPSUMBOARD

EXTERIOR SIDING MATL.

2 x 4 STUDS

TYPE 'X' GYPSUM 2 LAYERS OF 5/8"

BOARD. EA. LAYER

EXT. SIDINGMATL. OVER5/8" TYPE 'X' GYP. BD.

RESIDENTIAL1-HOUR WALL

1-HOUR WALLSTUCCO SIDING

2-HOUR EXTERIORSTUCCO SIDING

2-HOURINTERIOR SIDING

1/2" GYP. BD.

2 x 4 STUDS


CEMENT PLASTER


2 x 4 SILL

7/8" EXTERIOR

TRUE1-HOUR WALL

1-HOUR WALL WOOD SIDING

1/2" GYPSUMBOARD

EXTERIOR SIDING MATL.

2 x 4 STUDS

TYPE 'X' GYPSUM 2 LAYERS OF 5/8"

BOARD. EA. LAYER

EXT. SIDINGMATL. OVER5/8" TYPE 'X' GYP. BD.

RESIDENTIAL1-HOUR WALL

1-HOUR WALLSTUCCO SIDING

2-HOUR EXTERIORSTUCCO SIDING

2-HOURINTERIOR SIDING

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Wood

• Heavy timber includes members 5” X 5” up to 12” X 12”– Used for appearance and structural reasons– Excellent fire-rating– Represent posts with lines similar to the walls– Represent beams with dashed lines– Use text to note both beams and posts

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Wood

1S11

6 x 14 DFL #16 x 14" DFL #1

S3

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Wood

• Laminated beams are smaller members glued together for a stronger beam– Used in open areas like churches and gyms

– Single-span beams are used in standard platform framing

– Tudor and three-hinged arch members are a post-and-beam system combined

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Wood

• Beams are represented in four different ways

A. B C. D.

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Concrete Block

• Concrete blocks are durable and relatively inexpensive to maintain and install

• Manufactured in 8 X 8 X 16 modules– Actual block is smaller to allow for mortar

– Walls even numbered should end in 0” or 8”

– Walls odd numbered long should end in 4”

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Concrete Block

• Bold lines represent edges of the masonry• Thin lines represent hatching the edge of the

wall at 45°• Dimension the size and location of blocks on

the floor plan• Pilasters are thick parts of the foundation

used to carry heavier loads

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Concrete Block

8 x 8 x 16 GRADE 'A' C.M.U. W/#4 VERT. @48" O.C. & #4 HORIZ.@24" O.C. SOLID GROUT ALL STEEL CELLS.

2 x 6 STUDS @ 16" O.C.

4" BRICK VENEER W/ 26 GA. MESH @ 24" O.C

4" MASONRY VENEER OVER 1" AIR SPACE & TYVEK

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Concrete Block• Steel reinforcement,

called rebar, improves resistance to tension forces

• Rebar ranges from 3/8” to 1 3/8” diameter and is deformed or smooth

MASONRY REINFORCEDMASONRY

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Concrete Block• Steel is centered in

the wall cavity

• Specify the quantity of bars, size, direction, and grade

• Steel is not drawn in floor plan

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Poured Concrete• Concrete is made of sand and gravel bonded

with cement and water• Steel reinforcement is used inside a form• Forms are used to pour concrete into• Show sizes and steel placement on the drawing• Floors are usually reinforced poured concrete

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Poured Concrete

SEE NOTE (2)(TYP.)

COLUMN SCHEDULE.SPACING PER ON COL. SECTION.SPIRALS AS SHOWN

SPACING @ ''S''/2 (TYP.)COL. SECTION.TIES AS SHOWN ON

SCHEDULE. SPACING ''S'' PER COL.CROSS SECTION.TIES AS SHOWN ON COL.

TYP. COLUMN SECTIONS

TYP. COLUMN ELEVATIONS

COLUMN TYPE BCOLUMN TYPE A

COLUMN TYPE A COLUMN TYPE B

3S10

2S10

N.T.S.

N.T.S.

1'-0''

1 1/2" CLR.TYP.

SEE NOTE (2)(TYP.)

COLUMN SCHEDULE.SPACING PER ON COL. SECTION.SPIRALS AS SHOWN

SPACING @ ''S''/2 (TYP.)COL. SECTION.TIES AS SHOWN ON

SCHEDULE. SPACING ''S'' PER COL.CROSS SECTION.TIES AS SHOWN ON COL.

TYP. COLUMN SECTIONS

TYP. COLUMN ELEVATIONS

COLUMN TYPE BCOLUMN TYPE A

COLUMN TYPE A COLUMN TYPE B

3S10

2S10

N.T.S.

N.T.S.

1'-0''

1 1/2" CLR.TYP.

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Poured Concrete

• Walls or other components are formed off site and transported to the job site

• Sections are joined with a metal flange

• Prestressed concrete has cables placed in them and they are pulled before the concrete hardens

17

Poured Concrete

1 1/2" = 1'-0"

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Poured Concrete

• Tilt-up is a method of using preformed wall panels which are lifted in place

• Concrete is poured around the steel

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Steel Construction

• Steel studs meet requirements for Type 1, 2, and 3 construction methods– Designed for rapid assembly– Lightweight, noncombustible, and strong– Range in size from 3 5/8” to 10”– Produced with 12 to 20 gage steel– Specify as: 362SJ20 STEEL STUDS BY UNIMAST

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Steel Construction

• Steel joists offer the same advantages over wood as steel studs– Nested joists are placed around another joist

– Available in lengths up to 40’

– Can support greater loads over longer spans– Specify as:14K4 OPEN WEB STEEL JOIST@32” O.C.

21

Steel Construction

• Corrugated steel decking is used for lightweight floors

• Steel decking is attached to the floor or roof with screws or welds

1 1/2" DEEP NARROW RIB

2" DEEP WIDE RIB

3" DEEP WIDE RIB

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Steel Construction

• Prefabricated steel structures are built in modular units with given spans, wall heights, and lengths

• Tapered members allow a minimum amount of material to be used

• Metal siding is screwed to girts to complete the wall

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Steel Construction

• The Manual of Steel Construction (AISC) is the code book for steel construction

BEAM A-6

+ 113'-0"EA. END

15'-3 1/2" TLT S3/8"

3/16" 6" TYP.

3/8"

W 16 X 67

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Steel Construction

• Steel is specified as a plate, bar, or a shape

• Specify sizes, steel type, and other information on drawings

• Joints for steel construction are either welded or bolted

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Common Connection Methods

• Nails are common connectors for wood less than 1 1/2” thick– Must penetrate a connecting member by half

of its thickness

– Nails are common, deformed, box, and spikes

– Measured as a penny (d)

– Specify as: 2 X 6 DFL SILL W/20d’s@4” O.C.

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• Nailing is determined by how accessible the nail head is during construction– Face Nailing - Nail is driven through face of

one board into face of another

– End Nailing - Nail goes through face of one board into then end of another

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• Nail placing methods– Toe Nailing - Nails are driven through faces

and are at 90° to each other

– Blind Nailing - Nails are not seen such as in flooring materials

• Edge, field, and boundary nailing refer to the placement of nails on the sheathing

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Common ConnectionMethods

3-16d's

FACE NAILING

3-16d's

TOE NAILING

END NAILING

3-16d's

BLIND NAILING

2-8d's

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• Staples are used connecting asphalt roofing materials

• Power-driven studs are used to anchor wood or metal to masonry members

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• Screws are twisted into the material and are resistant to withdrawal– Flathead, roundhead, and lag screws are

most common

– Specify the diameter, length, type, and if washers are used

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Common Connection MethodsCROSS PHILLIPS ROBERTSO SLOT

HEAD SHAPES

HEAD PROFILES

FLATCOUNTERSUNK

OVAL ROUNDHEAD

METAL SCREWS WOOD SCREWS

BOLTLAG

BOLTLAG

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• Metal framing connectors are used to strengthen nailed connections– Specify on plans by listing model number and

type of connector

– Nails or bolts are used with the metal fastener for extra support

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Common Connection Methods8"1/4"

1 1/2"

9 1/2"6"

3/4" x 3/4"

@ EACH ANGLE

8" x 8" x 1/2" x 3" ANGLEEACH SIDE OF BEAM W/

HOLE HORIZONTAL IN 8" LEG.

EACH SIDE OF BEAM 5/16

BOTH

PLAN VIEW (LOWER ANGLE ONLY) 1" = 1'-0"

BEAM/WALL 1" = 1'-0"

9

TAPER BOLT3/4"¯ x 4 1/8"

(1) -3/4" x 9" A307BOLT W/ STD. WASHERS CENTERED IN

6 3/4" x 43 1/2"GLU-LAM BEAM

STD. WASHERS

SIDES

CHAMFERS

POLYURTHANESEALENTOVER 5/8"Ø BACKER ROD

S-4

1/2"

SLOTTED HOLE

L

13/16" x 1 7/8" LONG SLOTTED

9 1/2" x 9" x 5/16" x 1'-3 1/2"

(3)-3/4"Ø x 9 A307 BOLTS W/

7/8" x 6 7/8" x 9 1/2" BEARING P

1

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• Bolts include anchor, machine, and carriage– Anchor bolts are L-shaped and are inserted

into the concrete to hold lumber down

– Machine bolts are used to attach steel and wood members

– Carriage bolts connect steel to other metal members

35


• Other bolts include stud, drift, expansion and toggle

• Washers keep the bolt head and nut from pulling through the wood

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A B C D E F

G

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• Welding provides a rigid connection between pieces of steel– Welded pieces become one

– Welding is stronger, greater resistance to shear or rotational forces, and can support greater loads

– Specify welds with a symbol and notation

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1"=1'-0"

3/16"

3/16"

1/8"

3"x DFL#1 PLATE W/ 1/2"Ø STUDBOLT ANCHORS AT 24" O.C. NAIL PLY SHT'G. W/ 8d COMMONSHORTS AT 4" O.C.

T.S. 5" x 5" x 3/16"

8" x 8" x 1/4" STEELGUSSET PLATE T.S. 5" x 5" x 1/4"

STEEL TUBE COLUMN

15

S7

TUBE CONN3/16"CLOSUREPLATE

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• Fillet welds are formed in the internal corner of two pieces of steel

• Square groove weld is used when the steel edges are perpendicular and joined end to end

• V-groove weld is when the steel forms a V shape

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• Beveled weld is when one piece of steel has a beveled edge

• U-groove weld is when two mating pieces form a U

• J-groove weld is when one piece has a perpendicular edge and the other has a curved grooved edge

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A. FILLET

B. SQUARE

C. V-GROOVE

D. U-GROOVE

E. J-GROOVE

42


A. FILLET

B. SQUARE

C. V-GROOVE

D. U-GROOVE

E. J-GROOVE

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Related Web Sites• American Institute of Steel Construction - www.aisc

.org• American Institute of Timber Construction - www.

aitc-glulam.org• American Welding Society - www.aws.org• Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute - www.crsi.org• Steel Joist Institute - www.steeljoist.org

http://www.aisc.org/



http://www.aitc-glulam.org/





http://www.aws.org/

http://www.aws.org/

http://www.aws.org/

http://www.crsi.org/



http://www.steeljoist.org/



chapter 45 common commercial construction materials

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