Chapter 4 The Civil War 1861 1865

Chapter 4 The Civil War 1861 1865Chapter 4.1Resources, Strategies and Early BattlesObjectives:Interpret a graph representing a real-world situation.Utilize timelines to identify sequences of historical data.Analyze how images may be used to interpret the past.

Essential Question:How did each sides resources and strategies affect the early battles of the war?

Union AdvantagesThe norths population was near 22 million, about 9.5 million white and 3.5 million slavesAvailability of raw materials: coal, iron, gold, silver other resourcesIndustrialized northern cities suited for manufacturing of ammunition, arms, uniforms, medical supplies and railroad carsLarger railroad networkSmall, but well organized navyExperienced government and leaders

Confederate AdvantagesPsychological advantages South was willing to fight to the death, northerners were not so committed Union forces were about 16,000 when the war started most recruits signed up for only 3 monthsExcellent military leader in Robert E. Lee turned down command of Union forces offered by LincolnNorthern military commanders were not as competentConfederates fought defensive war, north fought an offensive warConfederate StrategyMilitarily:Keep the armies small Inflict damages that break the Union spirit

Politically:Earn formal recognition from England and FranceEurope has become dependent on Confederate cottonUnion StrategiesWinfield Scott selected as commander of Union forcesAnaconda Plan:Union navy will blockade all southern ports, starve south of income and resourcesDrive south along the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy in twoMany Congressmen favored a more aggressive plan to free the slaves across the southLincoln was hoping for a quick victory in Virginia to force the Confederacy into negotiations

Border StatesMissouri, Kentucky, Delaware and Maryland are slave states who remain loyal to the UnionUnion is concerned about how to keep these states from seceding to the ConfederacyLincolns inaugural address: I believe I have no lawful right to free the slaves and I have inclination to do so.These states remained loyal to the Union

Break Time!5th Florida Volunteer Regiment Battle Flag

Bull RunJuly 1861: Irvin McDowell leads 30,000 Union troops to battle with Confederates outside Washington DCForces met at Bull Run a creek near Manassas, VAUnion forces took control early, but Confederate forces fought backConfederate commander Thomas Jackson refused to yield and forced Union forces to retreat back to Washington DCJackson earned the nickname Stonewall JacksonLincoln replaces Win. Scott with George McClellen as commander of Army of the PotomacGrant in TennesseeUlysses S. Grant leads Union forces in the Mississippi Valley wing of the Anaconda PlanFebruary 1862: Grants troops capture two Confederate forts Ft. Henry and Ft. DonelsonGrant drive Confederate forces from Western Kentucky and most of TennesseeApril 1862: Grants forces fight near Shiloh, TN nearly 25,000 troops combined were killed or woundedCitizens of both north and south are horrified by the carnageNew OrleansThe Union navy captures the port city of New Orleans and head north to Vicksburg, MS.Grants forces work southward to meet up with Union navy commander, David Farragut, at VicksburgThe Union navy is forced to retreat about 50 miles south of VicksburgUnion forces cannot take control of the Mississippi at this time

David Farragut

The SouthwestEarly 1862: Confederate troops follow the Rio Grande from Texas into New MexicoConfederates are defeated at Glorieta Pass due to lack of supplies Union forces disrupt the Confederate supply trainConfederates retreat back to Texas never attack in southwest againNorth and South try to sway native Americans and Hispanic residents of the Southwest to gain loyaltyIroncladsNorth and south develop naval warships with ironclad sidesUnion ship: MonitorConfederate ship: VirginiaMarch 9, 1862: The Monitor and the Virginia meet in battle neither emerge as a clear winnerThese ironclad ships mark the end of an era of both sides using wooden battle ships

Meet the LeadersGeorge B. McClellen Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson

George B. McClellenPlans an attack on Confederate capital, Richmond, VASkilled leader, but overly cautiousLincoln becomes frustrated with McClellens lack of actionLincoln demands McClellen attack RichmondJune 26 July 2: McClellen attacks Richmond, but R.E. Lees forces engage McClellens troops at battle known as Seven Days Lees troops are outnumbered, but earn victory due to McClellens cautious tacticsGeorge B. McClellenLincoln replaces McClellen with John Pope as commander of Army of the PotomacAugust 1862: Second Bull Run (Second Battle of Manassas) Lees Confederate forces crush the much larger Union forces led by PopeStonewall Jacksons troops are able to out maneuver Union forces and inflict heavy casualties as they try to retreatLincoln returns McClellen to commander of Army of the Potomac4.1 Rewind!Essential Question:How did each sides resources and strategies affect the early battles of the war?

The Confederacy held a psychological advantage of being willing to fight for survival, strong military leadership and homeland advantage lead to early victories. The Union had significant amounts of resources, a well organized battle plan (Anaconda Plan), but was unable to achieve military success early in the war.Chapter 4.2African Americans and the WarObjectives:Organize information to show relationships among facts, ideas and eventsInterpret a graph representing a real world situationReview the causes and consequences of the Civil War

Essential Question:How did the Emancipation Proclamation and the efforts of African-American soldiers affect the course of the war?

LincolnLincoln is under immense pressure from the northern public to end slaveryLincoln realizes he has to set a goal to end slaveryLincoln has a plan, but needs to wait for the right time to announce his planSlavery is unpopular in Europe, which prevents England from supporting the Confederacy during the warOn the BattlefieldsUnion officers are unsure what to do with freed slaves who come under their chargeUnion officers did not return the slaves to their owners and were often put to work in Union camps performing manual labor duties and jobsSome slaves were considered to be contraband, or captured war suppliesLincoln works on a plan to emancipate Lincoln waits for a major military victory to announce his plan

AntietamSeptember 1862: R.E. Lee leads his army into MarylandLee wants a victory on Union soil to incite a pro-Confederate uprising and urge England to reconsider its opinion of the ConfederacyMcClellen learns of Lees battle plan and prepares for the two armies to meet at Sharpsburg, MD near Antietam CreekSeptember 17: Union troops attack Lees army 23,000 killed or wounded marks the single bloodiest day of the war, Lee retreats back to Virginia

Emancipation!Lincoln has the victory he wanted to make his announcement of emancipationEmancipation Proclamation is announced on Sept. 22, 1862 will take affect Jan. 1. 1863Emancipation Proclamation: Frees all enslaved people in states still in rebellion Does not apply to slaves in border states loyal to the Union or under military controlLincoln hopes to convince southern states to surrender before Jan. 1 to retain the right to keep slavery

Emancipation!Many northerners respond with strong supportSome northerners still want total abolition of slaveryMany northerners question Lincolns decision to only free slaves in the southern states, but not the border statesThe Emancipation Proclamation never actually frees a single slave, but it does turn the focus of war to slaverySoutherners now feel they will have to fight to the end

Emancipation ProclamationClick on the poster to watch the video

African Americans Fight!African Americans of the north were inspired to join the Union army and the fight against slaveryCongress passes the Militia Act which states black soldiers are to be allowed to enlist in the army54th Massachusetts Regiment is an all black regimentAbout 18,000 northern blacks enlist in the armyMany white soldiers are reluctant to serve with blacksBlacks earn the respect of white soldiers with their bravery and skills on the battlefieldsAbout 70,000 blacks lose their lives in the war4.2 Rewind!Essential Question:How did the Emancipation Proclamation and the efforts of African-American soldiers affect the course of the war?

The Emancipation Proclamation redefined the Union cause for the war, making it about slavery. After the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union started to recruit African Americans troops, many of whom fought bravely and helped the Unions war effort. Chapter 4.3Life During the WarObjectives:Organize information to show relationships among facts, ideas and eventsAnalyze how images may be used to interpret the pastReview the causes and consequences of the Civil War

Essential Question:How did the Civil War bring temporary and lasting changes to American society?

Homefront in the NorthAn income tax was imposed on income over $800to raise funds to support the warBonds were sold to raise money to support the warThe Legal Tender Act of 1862 allowed the treasury department to issue a single common paper money called Greenbacks due to the green color

Homefront in the NorthThe Homestead Act allowed settlers claim western lands if they would farm (develop) the landConscription, or the draft, was instituted to gain fresh men (ages 20-45) for the army in the northWealthy people could pay $300 to hire draft replacementsDraft Riot of 1863: people rioted in NYC to protest the draft. Factories and businesses were destroyedCopperheads: Northern citizens who opposed the war

Homefront in the SouthGreat economic demands on the south and they are unable to meet the financial demandsNorthern blockades of southern ports are effectivePeople had to exist on subsistence farmingDifficult to get food products to market or troops due to blockades on rivers and railways

Homefront in the SouthSouthern economy invested in cotton, tobacco and sugarDifficult for Davis to convert goods to cashCSA soldiers often scrounged food, clothing and weapons from dead Union soldiers after battlesCSA issued paper money backed by governments promise to pay

Homefront in the SouthPublic had little faith in CSA paper currency which lead to rampant inflation, riots and food shortagesCSA government enacted conscription laws, seizes private property and suspends Habeas Corpus which leads southerners to call for Davis impeachment

A Soldiers LifeFirst time many ever traveled away from homeOften homesick or boredPass the time playing games, writing letters or participating in religious servicesFamilies in border states were often divided, and many families divided to fight on both sidesBattle injuries often led to amputationsPoor sanitation in camps led to infectionsEvery one war death was met with two camp deaths due to disease

A Soldiers LifeAndersonville (GA) was the largest CSA POW camp with 33,000 Union POWsUnion troops often starved to death due to lack of foodIn operation for 15 months with more than 12,000 deaths due to malnutrition and diseaseAfrican-American Union POWs were killed outrightWomen in the WarMany women took over family businesses or farms while husbands and sons were away at warA few women dressed as men and fought in battle others would often joined their husbands in campSome African-American women in the south acted as spies1861: Clara Barton began a humanitarian campaign to act as a nurse for injured soldiers for both sidesBartons efforts eventually lead to the establishment of the International Red Cross

4.3 Rewind!Essential Question:How did the Civil War bring temporary and lasting changes to American society?

Temporary Changes: Reduced the male population in the north and the southLasting Changes: Strengthened the northern industry, the souths destroyed agricultural base, womens roles into male dominated professions, the nursing profession, the federal governments role in public healthSongs of the War!Solders on both sides would often entertain fellow troops with songs as they sat around campfires

The Battle Hymn of the RepublicDixie

Click on the song titles to listen

Chapter 4.4 Turning Points of the WarObjectives:Use primary and secondary sources to understand a historical periodUse a timeline to identify sequence of historical dataAnalyze how images may be used to interpret the pastReview the causes and consequences of the Civil War

Essential Question: How did the battles at Vicksburg and Gettysburg changes the course of the Civil War?

Union Victory at VicksburgClick on the map to watch the video

Union Victory at VicksburgThee CSA fort at Vicksburg (MS) is virtually impenetrable and surrounded by river and swampsMay 22, 1863: Grant places Vicksburg under siege where the Union army surrounds, bombards and cuts off all supplies going into the fortThe Union army bombards the fort constantlyJuly 4, 1863: Confederate forces surrender to GrantThe Union gain control of the MS river and splits the Confederacy in two

Fredericksburg & ChancellorsvilleLincoln replaces McClellen with Ambrose Burnside because McClellen didnt chase the retreating CSA at AntietamBurnsides forces face Lees at Fredericksburg (VA). The Union is soundly defeatedLincoln replaces Burnside with Joseph Hooker Hookers forces face Lees at Chancellorsville. The Union is soundly defeatedCSA General Stonewall Jackson is accidentally killed by his own men at Chancellorsville GettysburgAfter the Union defeat at Chancellorsville, Lincoln replaces Hooker with George MeadeLees army invades the north at Gettysburg, PA and on July 1 is confronted by Union general John BufordBoth armies send reinforcements to the cityStronger CSA forces push Union forces back onto higher grounds. This, and Union reinforcements, strengthen the Unions positionFighting continued until July 3.

GettysburgLees forces suffer a crushing defeatCSA General George Picketts entire division is lostOver 50,000 soldiers killed or woundedLee retreats back to Virginia and never invades the north againLincoln honors the dead with his Gettysburg Address in November 1863 as a National Cemetery is dedicated to the fallen soldiers of this battleUlysses S. GrantLincoln places Grant in charge of Union army in early 1864Grant implements a strategy of Total War in the southInflict more casualties than the south can replaceGrants forces attacked soldiers, civilians, burned buildings and crops, killed livestock. Grant wanted to break the spirit and the will of the people of the southWillian Tecumseh Shermans forces marched from TN to Savannah, GA inflicting Grants Total War tactics wherever his forces marched. Atlanta, GA was burned to the ground

Shermans MarchClick on the map to watch the video

Election of 64Lincoln loses support from some RepublicansGrasping too much authorityNot fully committed to ending slaveryDemocrats nominate former Union General George McClellenMcClellen wins 45% of the popular voteLincoln wins 212 of 233 electoral votesLincoln is elected to his second term as president

Chapter 4.4 Rewind!Essential Question: How did the battles at Vicksburg and Gettysburg changes the course of the Civil War?

The siege at Vicksburg allowed the Union to divide the Confederacy in two as designed by the Anaconda Plan. The battle at Gettysburg dealt a crushing loss to the Confederacy from which they do not fully recoverChapter 4.5The Wars End and ImpactObjectives:Organize information to show relationships among facts, ideas and eventsReview the causes and consequences of the Civil WarDistinguish freedoms guaranteed in the 13th, 14th and 15th amendmentsEssential Question: What was the final outcome and impact of the Civil War?

The Final DaysGrant continues to lead forces toward RichmondMarch 1865: CSA makes a last desperate stand at Petersburg (VA)Grants forces lay siege on PetersburgMore than 65,000 casualties resultGrant suffers a greater loss, but Lee has no replacement troopsLees forces cannot break the siege, he orders a retreat on April 2

13th AmendmentLincoln begins planning of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution to abolish slavery in the United StatesThe 13th Amendment is ratified in December 1865

Click on the image to watch the video

Lee SurrendersLee orders his troops to retreat from Petersburg and head toward North CarolinaLees forces are chased by Union troops who surround and trap Lee at town of Appomattox Court House, VAOutnumbered, hungry, and exhausted, Lee surrenders to Grant on April 9, 1865Lees surrender does not officially end the warLast Confederate troops did not offer surrenders until June 1865 due to lack of communication

Lincoln is Assassinated!April 14: Lincoln is watching a play in Washington DC with his wife and another coupleActor, John Wilkes Booth, enters Lincolns balcony and shoots him in the back of the head at close rangeA massive manhunt is organized to find Booth12 days later, Booth is surrounded and shot in VirginiaA plot was uncovered to kill the President, Vice-President and Secretary of StateLincolns death has a deep emotional impact on the countryLasting ImpactMore than 600,00 Americans are killed in the warHundreds of thousands are maimed or crippledPhotojournalism by photographer Matthew Brady, show the public graphic images of the war

Click on the image to watch the video

Lasting Impact NorthThe north continues their industrial economic boomThe Land Grant College Fund gave money made from sale of land to states to establish colleges that taught agricultural and mechanical artsUnited States emerges as a global economic powerSouthRebuilding the south was slowMajor cities, railroads and factories lay in ruinFor decades, agriculture remains center of Southern economy

Effects on SocietyCSA soldiers returned to destroyed homes and farmsMillions of people in the south were homeless and often wandered aimlesslySome thought they were being punished by GodAfrican-Americans suffered the same fates as whitesFreed slaves now had hope that they could finally own land and control their own lives and destiniesMany freed slaves migrated to western territories

Chapter 4.5 Rewind!Essential Question: What was the final outcome and impact of the Civil War?

The north won the war. An industrial boom in the north created by the war pushed America to become a global economic power. The south continued to depend upon agricultural to support their economy. Newly freed slaves migrated west and north to find better opportunities. The federal government became stronger.