chapter 4 the human body - triton college · pdf file• 1-4.2 describe the anatomy and...

Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 11th Edition

© 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ

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Chapter 4

The Human Body



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U.S. DOT Objectives Directory

U.S. DOT Objectives are covered and/or supported by the PowerPoint™ Slide Program and Notes for Emergency Care, 11th Ed. Please see the Chapter 4 correlation below.

*KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE

• 1-4.1 Identify the following topographic terms: medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, midline, right and left, mid-clavicular, bilateral, mid-axillary. Slides 8-10

• 1-4.2 Describe the anatomy and function of the following major body systems: respiratory (Slides 36-52), circulatory (Slides 53-82), musculoskeletal (Slides 19-35), nervous (Slides 83-88), and endocrine (Slides 94-95).



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Anatomy

and Physiology



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Anatomy

– The study of the structure or form of

living things

Physiology

– The study of function (activities and

processes)

Anatomy and Physiology



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Accurate patient assessment

Locating body organs, systems

Quality patient care

Why Knowledge of Anatomy

Is Necessary



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Anatomical

Terms



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Best described

as a person

standing,

facing forward,

with his palms

forward

Anatomical Position



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Anatomic Planes

(cont.)

Medial

–Refers to a position

closer to the midline

Lateral

–Refers to a position

farther away from the

midline



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Proximal

–Nearer to the point of

origin

Distal

–Father from the point of

origin

Anatomic Planes

(cont.)



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Anterior

– Nearer to or at the front

of the body

Posterior

– Nearer to or at the back

of the body

Anatomic Planes



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Abdominal Quadrants



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Supine Position



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Prone Position



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Left Lateral Recumbent

(Recovery Position)



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Right Lateral Recumbent



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Fowler’s Position



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Trendelenburg Position



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Body Systems



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Gives the body shape

Protects vital organs

Provides for body movement

Musculoskeletal System



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Skull and Facial Bones

Skull



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Cross-Section of the Brain

and Brain Stem



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Spinal Column

Spine

– Spinal column

contains 33

bones called

vertebrae.

Divided into five

sections:

Cervical (7)

Thoracic (12)

Lumbar (5)

Sacral (5)

Coccygeal (4)



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Skeletal System

(cont.)



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Skeletal System



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Irregular bones

Long bone

Flat bones

Short bones

Four Types of Bones



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Upper Extremities



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Joints



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Ball-and-Socket Joint Hinge Joint



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Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

Three Types of Muscle



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Attaches to bones

Forms the major muscle mass of

the body

Responsible for movement

Under conscious control

Voluntary Muscle (Skeletal)



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Found in gastrointestinal tract,

urinary system, blood vessels

Controls the flow of materials

through these structures

Involuntary Muscle (Smooth)

(cont.)



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Carries out automatic muscular

functions

No conscious control

Responds to stimuli such as heat,

cold, and stretching

Involuntary Muscle (Smooth)



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Found only in the heart

Involuntary muscle

Has its own blood supply

(coronary arteries)

Contracts on its own

(automaticity)

Cardiac Muscle



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Muscles of the Lower Extremity

Click the image to zoom.

media/zoom34.htm

media/zoom34.htm



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Oxygen moves into bloodstream

by inhalation.

Carbon dioxide is excreted

through exhalation.

Respiratory System

(cont.)



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Respiratory System



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The Thoracic Cavity



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Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

contract.

Diaphragm moves downward.

Ribs move upward and outward.

Size of chest cavity increases.

Inhalation



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Inhalation—Air Flows into Lungs

Diaphragm Diaphragm



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Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

relax.

Diaphragm moves upward.

Ribs move down and inward.

Size of chest cavity decreases.

Exhalation



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Exhalation—Air Flows Out

of Lungs

Diaphragm



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1. Oxygen enters alveoli from

inhalation.

2. Carbon dioxide arrives via

capillaries.

3. Oxygen enters capillaries; carbon

dioxide enters alveoli.

Gas Exchange:

Inhalation Exhalation



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It is not enough to determine if your

patient is breathing.

The patient must be breathing

ADEQUATELY.

Adequate Breathing



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Adults 12–29 breaths/min.

Children 15–30 breaths/min.

Infants 25–50 breaths/min.

Adequate Breathing:

Normal Rates



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Breathing effort

Increased use of accessory muscles,

especially in infants and children

Inadequate Breathing

(cont.)



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Pale or cyanotic (blue) skin

Cool, clammy skin

Agonal respirations (occasional,

gasping, seen just before death)

Inadequate Breathing



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Signs of Inadequate Breathing

Nasal flaring

Excessive use

of

accessory

muscles

Chest

tightness

Cyanosis

Numbness,

tingling in

hands & feet

Pursed lips on

exhalation

Coughing, crowing,

high-pitched bark

Respiratory noise

• wheezing

• rattling

Impaired mentation

Unconsciousness• dizziness• restlessness• anxiety• confusion• combativeness



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Pediatric Airway Anatomy

(cont.)



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Trachea narrower (more easily

obstructed)

Trachea softer, more flexible than

an adult’s

Airway structures smaller (more

easily obstructed)


(cont.)



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Cricoid not well developed (less

rigid)

Chest wall softer (infants are

abdominal breathers)

Tongue proportionally larger than

an adult’s




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Retractions

Nasal Flaring

Seesaw

Breathing

Diaphragmatic Breathing

Inadequate

Breathing:

Infants and

Children



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Circulatory

System

(cont.)



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The heart is the pump for blood.

Blood is the fluid that brings food

and oxygen to the cells, and

removes waste products.

Blood vessels are the pipes that

blood flows through.

Circulatory System



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The Heart



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Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Receives blood from veins;

pumps to right ventricleReceives blood from lungs;

pumps to left ventricle

Pumps blood to the lungs Pumps blood through the

aorta to the body

Heart Chambers



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Valves between chambers prevent the

backflow of blood.

Contains specialized contractile and

conductive tissue

The Heart



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Cardiac

Conduction

System



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Lungs,

Heart, and

Great

Vessels



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The movement of blood through

the heart and vessels

Circulation



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Vessels



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Arteries

– Carry blood away from heart

Veins

– Carry blood toward heart

Arterioles

– Smallest arteries

Venules

– Smallest veins

Vessels of Circulation



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Tiny vessels that connect

arterioles to venules

Allow for the exchange of waste

and nutrients at the cellular level

Capillaries



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Blood Composition

(cont.)

Red blood cells:

–Give blood its color

–Carry oxygen to organs

–Carry carbon dioxide away from

organs



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Blood Composition

(cont.)

White blood cells:

–Provide defense against infection

–Produce antibodies



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Plasma

– Fluid that carries blood cells and

nutrients

Platelets

– Essential for formation of clots

Blood Composition



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Left ventricle contracts, sending a

wave of blood through the arteries.

It is palpated when EMT compresses

an artery near the skin surface and

over a bone.

Specific pulses are recommended

for specific patients and situations.

Pulse



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Carotid Pulse



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Femoral Pulse



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Major Blood

Vessels of

the Thigh



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Radial Pulse



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Brachial Pulse



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Posterior Tibial Pulse



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Dorsalis Pedis Pulse



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Blood Pressure



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Pressure exerted against the walls

of an artery when the left ventricle

contracts

Systolic Blood Pressure



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Pressure exerted against the walls

of an artery when the left ventricle

is at rest

Diastolic Blood Pressure



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Blood Pressure Is Described as:

Diastolic

or120 mmHg

80 mmHg

Systolic



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The delivery of oxygen and other

nutrients to the cells of all organ

systems and the removal of waste

products

Adequate perfusion is necessary for

life.

Perfusion



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Inadequate circulation of blood

through an organ or structure

Results in inadequate oxygen supply

to cells and causes buildup of waste

products

Hypoperfusion



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Skin

–Cool, pale

–Clammy

–Cyanotic

Pulse

–Rapid, weak

Signs and Symptoms

of Hypoperfusion

(cont.)



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Breathing

–Rapid, shallow

Behavior

–Restless, anxious

–Nausea, vomiting

Signs and Symptoms

of Hypoperfusion



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Controls the voluntary and

involuntary activity of the body

Consists of the brain, spinal cord,

and nerves

Nervous System



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Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

– Includes the autonomic nervous

system

Nervous System:

Two Components



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Includes the brain and spinal

cord; responds to changes

inside and outside of the body

Central Nervous System



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Sensory nerves

– Carry information from the body to

the brain and spinal cord

Motor nerves

– Carry information from the brain

and spinal cord to the body

Peripheral Nervous System



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Central Nervous System

Controls all basicbodily functions,and responds to external changes

Parallels spinal cordbut is separately involved in control ofexocrine glands,blood vessels,viscera, and externalgenitalia

Nervous System


Provides a complete network of motor and sensory nerve fibers connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body

AutonomicNervous SystemParallels spinal cordbut is separately involved in control ofexocrine glands,blood vessels,viscera, and externalgenitalia



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Right Axillary Region



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Allows for food travel and

breakdown

Main organs include:

–Stomach

–Large intestine

–Small intestine

Digestive System



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Abdominal Quadrants



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Abdominal Cavity



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Protects the body from the

environment and organisms

Helps regulate body temperature

Senses heat, cold, touch, pressure,

and pain

Skin



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Layers

of the

Skin



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Secretes chemicals that regulate

body activities and functions:

– Insulin

– Epinephrine

Endocrine System



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Endocrine

System



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Male Reproductive System



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Female Reproductive System



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1. Define the following anatomical

terms:

Medial

Anterior

Mid-clavicular

Lateral

Posterior

Distal

Review Questions

(cont.)



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2. List the three functions of the

musculoskeletal system.

3. Name the five divisions of the spine

and describe the location of each.

4. Describe the physical processes of

inhalation and exhalation.

Review Questions

(cont.)



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5. List four places a peripheral pulse

may be felt.

6. Describe the central nervous system

and peripheral nervous system.

7. List three functions of the skin.

Review Questions



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Street Scenes

As you assess your young patient, how

does his anatomy impact on the

process?

What should you be alert to when

examining the child’s abdomen?

(cont.)



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What are the significant findings based on the assessment and your knowledge of the human body?

Do you have any concerns about additional injuries to this patient? If so, what are they?

Street Scenes

chapter 4 the human body - triton college · pdf file• 1-4.2 describe the anatomy and...

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