chapter 4: soil test and survey
DESCRIPTION
Transportation EngineeringTRANSCRIPT
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SOIL TEST AND SURVEY
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TEST FOR PARTICLE SIZE
SIEVE ANALYSISthe process being used to determine the
particle sizes of gravel and for coarse and fine aggregates. A sample of the material is thoroughly dried and then shaken through a series of sieves ranging from coarse to fine and the amount on each sieve is weighed and recorded.
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TEST TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF MOISTURE
The AASHTO designation T 89 on liquid limit
The Plastic Limit
The Plastic Index
Shrinkage Test
Hand Feel Test
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DENSITY TEST OF SOIL
The main variables in the soil proper are:
1. Specific Gravity of the soil particles
2. The Particle Size of distribution of the soil
3. Grain Shape of soil particles.
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LAB ORATORY TEST FOR SOIL DENSITY
Test for density may be divided into two class:
1. Laboratory test to set standard for density.
2. Field test to measure the density of soil in place in the roadway.
Laboratory test may be subdivided into three according to the
basis of compaction procedure:
1. Static test
2. Dynamic or impact test
3. Tamping foot or kneading compaction test
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FIELD DENSITY OF SOIL IN-PLACE
The means of comparing the density result in the
laboratory. This comparison is performed on the basis of
relative compaction defined as follows:
Relative compaction = Dry weight per cu ft. of soil in the
roadway structure
Dry wt./cu.ft. of soil sample at optimum
moisture
content compacted in a standard manner.
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FIELD DENSITY AND MOISTURE CONTENT BY SAMPLING
There are four factors that affect the accuracy of
measuring relative density, namely
1. Change in the soil itself
2. The sampling method
3. The accuracy of laboratory testing for standard
density
4. The accuracy of testing the field density
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THE STRENGTH TEST
Soil Test to determine the strength of soil is
classified into:
1. Test for load carrying capacity for foundation;
rate and amount of consolidation in soils that
support the foundation.(This is applicable to
bridge foundation)
2. Test to measure the supporting power of
disturbed soils as compacted under standard
procedure.
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METHODS:
THE HVEEM STABILOMETER METHODS
STABILOMETER TEST
TRI-AXIAL DESIGN METHOD
DYNAMIC MODULUS
NUCLEAR DEVICES TEST
A.NUCLEAR DEVICES TRANSMISSION TYPE
B.NUCLEAR DEVICES BACK-SCATTER TYPE
REFRACTION SEISMIC METHOD
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HVEEM STABILOMETER METHOD
THIS METHOD MEASURES THE HORIZONTAL MEASURE DEVELOPED IN A SHORT CYLINDER SAMPLE LOADED VERTICALLY ON ITS END.
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TRIAXIAL DESIGN METHOD
THIS METHOD IS ADOPTED BY SOME AGENCIES FOR COMPRESSION TEST.
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DYNAMIC MODULUS
RECOMPACTED OR UNDISTURBED SAMPLES ARE TESTED TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE, DEGREE OF SATURATION, DENSITY AND AGE ON THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF PAVEMENT MATERIALS.
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NUCLEAR DEVICES TEST
FOR DETERMINING IN-PLACE DENSITIES AND
MOISTURE CONTENTS RE USED.
2 TYPES:
A.TRANSMISSION TYPE- measures density and
moisture content for any depth up to 25 centimeter.
B.BACK SCATTER DEVICE- it measures density and
moisture content at a depth of 3 to 4 inches.
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REFRACTION SEISMIC METHOD
A GEOPHYSICAL METHOD USED FOR SUB SURFACE EXPLORATION CALLED REFRACTION SEISMIC METHOD RELIES ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT THE SPEED OF TRAVEL OF SHOCK THROUGH THE EARTH SURFACE IS DIFFERENT DEPENDING UPON THE KIND OF MATERIALS.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM AB OUT RELATIVE COMPACTION
Determine the relative compaction if the dry unit
weight in the field is 17.08km/m3 and the
maximum dry unit weight result in the laboratory
is 18.31km/m3?
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SOLUTION:
GIVEN:
Yd(field)= 17.08km/m3
Yd(max-lab) = 18.31km/m3
R= (Yd(field) /Yd(max-lab))x100
= (17.08/18.31)100= 93%
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SOIL SURVEY
Soil survey, or soil mapping, is the process
of classifying soil types and other soil
properties in a given area and geo-encoding
such information.