Chapter 4 Sections 2-5

Human Geography

Demographics

• Birthrateo Number of live births

per thousand populationo What counts as a live

birth?

Demographics

• Fertility Rateo The average number of

children a child-bearing woman would have in her lifetime at the current rate for her country

o A fertility rate of 2.1 is necessary for replacement population

o South Korea is 1.24

Demographics

• Mortality Rateo The number of deaths

per thousand people

Demographics

• Infant Mortality Rateo Number of deaths of

infants under age one per thousand live births

o Often used to measure health and well-being of a nation

o In US, black rate is twice that of whites

o Why does US rank at #32 in the world?

Demographics

• Rate of Natural Increaseo Rate at which a population is growingo Birthrate minus death rate = rate of natural increase

Demographics

• Population Pyramido Graph that shows the age and sex distribution of a

population

Demographics

• Demographic Transitiono Populations change as countries go from pre-industrial to

industrialized economieso When countries are fully industrialized, populations shrink

Population Distribution

• Habitable Landso 2/3 of world’s population lives between 20’ North

and 60’ North latitude

• Urban-Rural MixoMore than half of world’s population lives in rural

areas but cities growing

Population Distribution

• Migrationo Movement of population from one location to anothero Push Factoro Pull Factor

Population Distribution

• Population Densityo Average number of people who live in a measurable area

(square mile)

• Carry Capacityo The number of organisms a piece of land can support

Political Geography

• State – an independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control over its internal and external affairs (often called a country)

Political Geography

• Types of Governmento Democracy – citizens

hold political power directly or through elected representatives

o Monarchy – Rule by a king or queen who may or may not share power (limited or constitutional monarchy)

Political Geographyo Dictatorship – an

individual or group holds complete political power

o Communism – a government and economic system where nearly all power and means of production are held by the government in the name of the people

Geographic Characteristics

• Size – does not always determine power

• Shape o Compacto Elongatedo Fragmentedo Protrudedo Perforated

• Location, location, location!o Landlocked versus access

to sea

Geographic Characteristics

• Boundarieso Natural – a boundary

based on a physical feature such as rivers or mountain chains

o Artificial – a line based on a latitude or longitude line

o Sometimes artificial boundaries divide groups of people

Urban Geography

• Cities – centers of business and culture

• Suburbs – political units touching the borders of the central city

• Exurbs – smaller cities/towns with open land between them and large cities

Urban Geography

• Metropolitan Area – a functional area formed by a city, its suburbs, and exurbs

• Megalopolis – formed when several metropolitan areas grow together

Urban Geography

• Urbanization – the dramatic rise in the number of cities and the changes in lifestyle that result

• Why do cities grow where they do?

Urban Geography

• Land Use Patterns (aka Zoning)o Residential - includes

single-family homes and apartment buildings

o Industrial – areas reserved for manufacturing goods

o Commercial – used for private businesses and the buying/selling of retail products

Urban Geography

• Central Business District (CBD)o Core of the cityo Contains

businesses, stores, and sometimes high-end housing

o Land is very expensive causing high buildings

Economic Geography

• Economyo The production and

exchange of goods and services among a group of people

o Economies operate on a local, regional, national, or international level

Economic Geography

• Economic Systemso Traditional Economy –

goods and services are traded w/out exchanging money (barter)

o Command Economy – production of goods and services is determined by a central government which usually owns the means of production. Production does not necessarily reflect consumer demand. Aka a planned economy

Economic Geographyo Market Economy –

production of goods and services is determined by the demand of consumers. Aka a demand economy or capitalism

o Mixed Economy – a combination of command and market economies provides goods and services so that all people will benefit

Economic Geography

• Levels of Economic Activityo Primary – gathering raw

materials for immediate use or use in the making of a final product

o Secondary – adding value to materials by changing their form such as manufacturing cars

Economic Geographyo Tertiary – providing business or professional services such

as salespeople, teachers, doctors, etco Quaternary – information, management, and research

services by highly-trained individuals

Economic Geography

• Natural Resourceso Renewable – can be

replaced through natural processes (trees, etc)

o Non-Renewable – cannot be replaced once they have been removed from ground (metals, oil, etc)

o Inexhaustible – used for producing power; result of solar/planetary processes

Economic Geography

• Infrastructure – basic support systems needed to keep an economy going including power, communications, transportation, water, sanitation, and education systems

Economic Geography

• Measuring Economic Developmento Per Capita Income –

average amount of money earned by each person

o Gross National Product (GNP) – total value of all goods and services produced by a country

o Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – …produced within a country