CHAPTER 4 SECTION 3

The Struggle for Liberty

Supporting the War Effort

George Washington Had to raise troops Often younger than 16 Poor, non-property owners

Army offered low pay, harsh conditions and high chance of death

Men who could afford it, often paid others to take their place in war

Recruiting soldiers

Should African Americans be recruited? Many white southerners opposed it

British start offering freedom to slaves who fought-thousands joined the British

Continental Army starts allowing free African Americans to serve

Women ran farms and businesses, raised money, made clothing, raised supplies,

Some women nurses and spies

Canada

Because shortage of supplies, many Patriots want to fight defensive war

Some want to attack Canada make it 14th colony

General Montgomery captures Montreal in Nov. 1775

Benedict Arnold tries to take Quebec and fails miserably~ending quest for Canada

New York

Washington moves troops to New York and waits for British

June 1776 British arrive by boat General Howe (British) forced

Washington off Long Island, NY Eventually pushed Washington behind

the Hudson River Crushing loss is a revenge for Howe’s

loss of Boston

New Jersey

November 1776 Continental Army on the run Washington’s men would soon leave due to

service being up Howe thinks the rebellion almost over-

left New Jersey in the hands of the Hessians-mercenaries from German states-fight for pay not loyalty

Dec. 7, 1776 Washington gets fresh troops

New Jersey cont;

“These are the times that try men’s souls” Thomas Paine from The American Crisis-a series of pamphlets

Washington takes a chance and attacks Hessians

Dec. 24-rows across Delaware River and surprise attacks

Battle of Trenton-Won by Patriots Cornwallis tries to helps but Washington

circles round and wins big victory!

Saratoga

British Gen. John Burgoyne pushes through NY

Tries to cut off New England from other colonies

Howe moves into Philadelphia Patriots try to bog down the British Battle of Saratoga-Americans win-turning

point of the war Foreign aid comes to the Americans-

France/Spain and Holland

Remarkable Europeans

Marquis de Lafayette-young Frenchman takes ship to America, brought well trained soldiers to help fight

Became a skilled commander Gave $200,000 of his own money Wrote letters to powerful friends for help

Baron Friedrich von Steuben Prussian who served under Washington Trained American troops Turns young inexperienced troops into

strong fighting force

Benjamin Franklin

Went to France to ask for help King Louis XVI agreed to help after the

Battle of Saratoga Supplies, ammunition, navy

Help from Spain

Bernardo de Galvez-governor of Spanish Louisiana

Spanish joined the war in 1779 Make way up coast to Pensacola, FL

Winter at Valley Forge

Continental Army was running low on food and clothing

Lacked very basic provisions Rough times but the soldiers suffered

and continued to stay focused 2000 soldiers died British lived a live of luxury in

Philadelphia

War at Sea

French Navy aided the colonists British Navy stronger but not used

effectively Fall 1775 Continental Army makes plans

for building warships-established Marines By Feb. 1776 had 8 merchant ships

adapted as fighting navy Attack British supply lines Attack Nassau, Bahamas and win

John Paul Jones

Left Scotland after mutiny on ship killed captain

Volunteers for Navy captured many British supply ships France gives him seven ships, including

“Bonhomme Richard” Captured British Serapis “I have not yet begun to fight”

War in the West

Native Americans wanted for each side George Rogers Clark-volunteered to lead

the western campaign Created scattered Army settlements Attacked trading villages Clark attacked Fort Sackville near

Vincennes-with flags and fire tricked the British

In general, the British had more success with Native Americans but Clark continued to make the campaign hard