chapter 4 reading quiz 1.the atoms of what element are considered the most “versatile” building...
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Chapter 4 Reading Quiz
1. The atoms of what element are considered the most “versatile” building blocks?
2. “Tetra-” refers to what number?3. A “hydroxyl” group is represented
by what formula?4. What’s in a “sulfhydryl” group?5. Name a biological structure in
which phosphates are necessary.
carbon
four
OH-
S & H
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1. Summarize the philosophies of vitalism and mechanism.
Vitalism = belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of chemical or physical laws
- 19th century built on this because chemists couldn’t synthesize organic compounds
Mechanism = belief that all natural phenomena are governed by physical and chemical laws
- could synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules
- Miller showed possibility that organic compounds could have been made in primitive earth
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2. Explain how carbon’s electron configuration determines the kinds and
number of bonds carbon will form.
• Carbon shows a tetravalent electron configuration
• 4 bonds are allowed due to the emergent properties from the 4 valence electrons
• 6 protons; 6 neutrons; 6 electrons• Carbon forms covalent bonds and acts
as the central atom from which the molecule branches
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3. Describe how carbon skeletons may vary, and explain how this variation contributes to the
diversity and complexity of organic molecules.
• Carbon skeletons vary in:1. Length2. Shape (straight, branched, ring)3. Number and location of double bonds4. Other elements covalently bonded
Many different molecules can form
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4. Distinguish among 3 types of isomers: structural, geometric, & enantiomers.
Structural Isomers• Isomers that differ in the covalent
arrangement of their atomsnumber of possible isomers increases as carbons increaselocation of double bonds differ
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4. Continued…
Geometric Isomers• Share same covalent partnerships, but
differ in their spatial arrangement
• Double bonds don’t allow free movement
• Can affect biological diversity
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4. Continued…Enantiomers
• Molecules are mirror images of each other
• Usually one form is biologically active and one is not
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5. Recognize the 6 major functional groups, and describe the chemical
properties of organic molecules in which they occur.
1. Hydroxyl Group a functional group that consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to a carbon it is polar & water soluble organic compounds with these are alcohols
C – OH
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5. Continued…
2. Carbonyl Groupfunctional group with a carbon atom double bonded to oxygen polar & water soluble is the group found in SUGARS
• if at the end of the skeleton – aldehyde• if in the middle of the skeleton – ketone
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5. Continued…
3. Carboxyl group functional group that has a carbon atom which is both double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to an oxygen of a hydroxyl (-OH) group water solubleVERY polar due to 2 oxygens bonded to 1 carbon has acidic properties; “carboxylic acids”
-COOH
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5. Continued…
4. Amino Group functional group consists of nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton polar & water soluble acts as a weak base
-NH2
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5. Continued…
5. Sulfhydryl Group functional group with an atom of sulfur bonded to an atom of hydrogen helps stabilize the structure of proteins when in organic compounds- called ‘thiols’
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5. Continued…
6. Phosphate Groupfunctional group which is the dissociated form of phosphoric acid acid properties polar & water soluble important in cellular energy storage & transfer
H3PO4
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