59

CHAPTER 4

PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA: KANCHEEPURAM DISTRICT

Significance of providing the profile of the study area.

It is customary to give an overview of the study area before entering into the

details of the study. The salient features of the study area, Kancheepuram District

will help us to understand the issues related to the rural women. The following will

provide clear understanding of the features of the Kancheepuram District in Tamil

Nadu.

The chapter is classified on the following aspects..

1. History of the District.

2. Geographical features of the district.

3. Demographic details of the district.

4. Family Planning in the district and Tamil Nadu.

4.1 History of the District

Kancheepuram district is one among the 32 Districts of Tamil Nadu.

This district was formed with effect from 1st July 1997 after the bifurcation of

the erstwhile Chengalpet district into Thiruvallur and Kancheepuram Districts .

It enjoys a great historical background

Kancheepuram District has its origin from a very long period. The district

was administered by the Pallavas, Cholas, Vijayanagar rulers and the British before

Independence. It was a part of Tondaimandalam, a division of the ancient Tamil

country, comprising the present day districts of Kancheepuram, Chennai, Tiruvallur,

60

Vellore and Thiruvannamalai. The capital of Thondaimandalam was Kancheepuram

city. From the 3rd to the 9th century AD. Kanchi was the capital of the Pallavas who

ruled over the territory extending from the river Krishna in the north to the river

Kaveri in the south. The Pallavas fortified the city with ramparts, moats, etc., with

wide and well laid out roads and fine temples. They had contacts with far-off China,

Siam, Fiji, etc., through their chief Port Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram). The

Cholas ruled this region from the 10th century to the 13th century. Kings of

Vijayanagar dynasty ruled from 14th century to 17th century.

Before the British administration

Kanchi was a major seat of Tamil learning as well as an important place of

pilgrimage for Buddhists, Jains and Hindus. Kalidasa has described it to be the best

among the cities .One of the kings of Kanchi, Mahendravarman-I, belongs to this

district who was a great scholar and musician, a man of great intelligence and also a

great playwright. In the 7th century Yuan Chwang, the great Chinese traveler,

visited Kanchipuram city observed that this city was 6 miles in circumference and

recorded that people were brave , just and had great veneration for learning. It is said

that Buddha had visited the place. After Banaras, Kanchi stood second in in learning

in the olden days. During the Mughal invasions followed by three centuries of

colonial rule under the British, this district began its downfall.

During the British administration

The British called it Conjeevaram, and under the British regime, in 1778, a

Collector was appointed. The district was further split up into two divisions,

Northern and Southern, and was placed under the administration of two Collectors.

During 1794 1799, Clerk and Balfour. Lionel Placecreated the posts of

Sharistadars, and they were in the control of the Collector. Clerks were also

61

appointed to assist the Sharistadars. The famous Madurantakam and Uthiramerur

tanks were created by Place. Hodgson and in 1800, Hodgson was succeeded by his

Senior Assistant, Greenway.

In the 19th century, Karunguzhi became the headquarters of the district till

1859 ; then it was shifted to 'Home Garden' Saidapettai. from 1825-1835

Kancheepuram served as the district headquarters. From 1859 to 1968, the

Collector's office was located in Saidapettai.

Post Independence period

Kancheepuram city became the headquarters of Chengalpattu district with

effect from 1 July 1968. Then the Chengalpattu-MGR district was split into two as

Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur Districts from 1 July 1997. Thus the new

Kancheepuram District was formed from 1 July 1997, consisting of 8 Taluks, viz,

Kancheepuram, Sriperumbudur, Uthiramerur, Chengalpattu, Tambaram,

Tirukalukundram, Madrandakam and Cheyyur.

4.2 Geographical features of the district

Location

Kancheepuram district is situated on the northern East Coast of Tamil Nadu

and is adjacent by Bay of Bengal and Chennai city and is bounded in the west by

Vellore and Thiruvannamalai district, in the north by Thiruvallur district and

Chennai district, in the south by Villuppuram district in the east by Bay of Bangal. It

lies between 11° 00' to

longitudes. The district has a total geographical area of 4393.37 Sq.Kms and

coastline of 57 Kms. Kancheepuram, the temple town is the district headquarters.

For administrative reasons, the district has been divided into 4 revenue divisions

62

comprising of 11 taluks with 1137 revenue villages. For development reasons, it is

divided into 13 development blocks with 648 Village Panchayats.

4.3 Physical Features

According to the census of India 2011, Kanchipuram district covers an area

of 4433Sq. km. surrounded by Vellore and Thiruvannamalai district in west, in the

north by Thiruvallur district and Chennai district, in the south by Villuppuram

district in the east by Bay of Bengal.

4.4 Geography

Kancheepuram district is situated on the North East coast of Tamil Nadu. It

is bound by Bay of Bengal in the East, Vellore and Thiruvannamalai districts in the

west, Thiruvallur and Chennai districts in the north, and Villuppuram district in the

south. It lies between 11° 00' to 12° 00' latitudes and 77° 28' to 78° 50' longitudes.

The district has a total geographical area of 4,43,210 hectares and a coastline of

57 km. The table below shows the maximum and minimum temperatures

experienced in the district during different seasons.

4.5 Rainfall and Climate

Kancheepuram district generally experiences hot and humid climatic

conditions. The district receives the rain under the influence of both southeast and

northeast monsoons. Most of the precipitation occurs in the form of cyclonic storm

caused due to the depressions in Bay of Bengal chiefly during northeast monsoon

period. The southwest monsoon rainfall is highly erratic and summer rains are

negligible.

The normal annual rainfall over the district varies from 1105 mm to

1214mm. It is the minimum in the western and northwestern parts of the district

63

around Uttiramerur (1105 mm) and it isthe maximum around Kovalam (1214.2

mm). High relative humidities between 58 and 84% prevail through out the year.

Relative humidity is maximum in the morning and minimum in the evening. Higher

rates of relative humidity are observed between November and January i.e., 83 to

84%. In the months of June, the humidity is lower i.e., around 58%.Average relative

humidity in the morning and evening 74 and 64%. The minimum and maximum

temperature are 20°C & 37°C. The daytime heat is oppressive and the temperature is

as high as 43°C.

The Table 4.5.1 gives details of seasons during the last 14 years in our state.

Table 4.5.1 Details of Rainfall (in mm)

Year

South West Monsoon

North East Monsoon

Winter seasons Hot Weather Season

Total Total

Nor

mal

Act

ual

Nor

mal

Act

ual

Nor

mal

Act

ual

Nor

mal

Act

ual

Act

ual

Nor

mal

2000-01 322.8 314.5 470.3 335.6 47.3 16.8 138.9 118.4 979.3 785.4 -19.8

2001-02 322.8 260.0 470.3 379.4 47.3 70.0 134.2 83.3 974.6 792.7 -18.4

2002-03 329.5 185.4 468.1 407.1 36.8 8.7 129.8 129.8 964.1 731.0 - -24.2

2003-04 331.5 336.5 464.6 403.1 37.4 12.1 128.4 283.4 961.8 1034.6 7.6

2004-05 331.5 360.7 464.6 472.1 37.4 14.3 128.4 231.7 961.8 1078.9 12.2

2005-06 332.9 308.5 459.2 828.8 36.8 15.9 129.6 150.9 958.5 1304.1 36.1

2006-07 316.1 250.9 431.1 497.5 35.3 10.9 129.1 100.4 911.6 859.7 -5.5

2007-08 316.1 341.6 431.1 515.4 35.3 46.6 129.1 261.2 911.6 1164.8 27.8

2008-09 316.1 333.5 431.1 552.7 35.3 7.7 129.1 129.2 911.6 1023.1 12.2

2009-10 316.0 317.0 431.1 482.6 35.3 11.5 129.1 126.7 911.6 937.8 2.9

2010-11 319.2 383.6 430.3 605.2 31.3 36.3 127.8 140.0 908.6 1165.1 28.2

2011-12 321.2 300.5 441.2 540.8 31.3 9.5 127.9 86.3 921.6 937.1 11.7

Source Department of Economics and Statistics, Chennai 6.

64

Table 4.5.1 shows the rainfall statistics of the state from 1985-2011. Both the

South west and North east monsoon rainfall were erratic and also deficient. The

North West Monsoon was lowest in1988-89 (217.7mm) and highest in 1993-94

(709.9mm) and South West monsoon was very low in 1994-95(224.3mm).and more

in 1996-97 (454.8mm). The rainfall is not evenly spread through out the year.

4.6 Climate

Summer Winter

Max. 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) 38.7 °C (101.7 °F)

Min. 20.1 °C (68.2 °F) 10.0 °C (50.0 °F)

The weather is hot during March to May. Entire district is tropical in nature;

temperature is bound to be high having a temperature within the limit of 21°C to

37°C.Monsoon is from June to September, and it brings heavy pouring rains in the

area coupled with cool breeze. Monsoon Winters are much cooler in comparison

with other places in Southern India. The temperature varies between19°C to 29°C.

4.6.1 Climate Climate data

Month

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high °C

(°F)

28.9 (84)

30.6 (87.1)

32.7 (90.9)

34.7 (94.5)

37.5 (99.5)

37.3 (99.1)

35.4 (95.7)

34.5 (94.1)

33.9 (93)

31.9 (89.4

)

29.5 (85.1

)

28.5 (83.3)

37.5 (99.5

)

Average low °C

(°F)

20.4 (68.7)

21.2 (70.2)

23.1 (73.6)

25.8 (78.4)

27.6 (81.7)

27.4 (81.3)

26.2 (79.2)

25.6 (78.1)

25.3 (77.5)

24.3 (75.7

)

22.7 (72.9

)

21.2 (70.2)

20.4 (68.7

)

Rainfall

mm (inch

es)

34.5 (1.358)

12.5 (0.492)

15.3 (0.602)

17.7 (0.697)

42.9 (1.689)

53.7 (2.114)

100.8

(3.969)

129.2

(5.087)

125.3

(4.933)

290.9 (11.453)

348.9 (13.736)

145.6

(5.732)

1,317.3

(51.862)

Avg. rainy days

2.7 0.9 0.7 1.1 2.4 7.5 12.8 14.2 10.2 13.5 12.9 8.4 87.3

Mean daily sunsh

ine hours

8.7 9.6 9.5 9.7 9.0 6.8 6.0 6.2 6.6 6.3 6.1 6.6 7.59

Source WMO

65

4.7 Rivers

The Palar river is the most important river running through the district. River

Palar is the main river in the district, which is not perennial. Cheyyar and Vegavathy

rivers are tributaries of Palar and join it at Thirumakkudal. Through most of the year

it remains dry, attributed to the construction of dams across the river in Andhra

Pradesh. There are only a few hills of considerable elevation in the district. The

southern part of Maduranthakam taluk contains small hills.

4.8 Languages, Religion and Caste

The early Pallava royal inscriptions are either in Prakrit or in Sanskrit

Kanchipuram is a cosmopolitan city with people speaking several languages. Other

than the native Tamil, languages like Telugu, Kannada, and Saurashtra are also

prevalent in the city. Tamil is the mother tongue for about 84.5 percent, Telugu

8.7percent, Kannada 2.6percent , Urdu 1.8 percent , Malayalam 1.4 percent and

Gujerati 0.5 percent . Maximum population belong to the Hindus 88.9 percent , 5.8

percent are Christians. 5.2 percent are Muslims 0.1 percent is other religion like

Jains.

4.9 Administrative Details

Kancheepuram, the temple town is the district headquarters. For

administrative reasons, the district has been divided into 4 revenue divisions

comprising of 11 taluks with 1137 revenue villages. For development reasons, it is

divided into 13 development blocks with 648 Village Panchayats.

66

Table 4.9. giving details of the villages and the Taluk and Block they belong to

Revenue Divisions Taluk Block Kancheepuram

Kancheepuram Sriperumbudur Uthiramerur

Acharapakkam Chithamur Kanchipuram Kattangulathur

Thambaram

Thambaram Sholinganallur Alanthur

Kunnattur Lathur Madurantakam

Chengalpattu

Chengalpattu Tirukalukundram

Sriperumbudur St. Thomas Mount Thirupporur

Maduranthakam

Maduranthakam Cheyyur

Tirukalukundram Uttiramerur Walajabad

Source: District Statistical Handbook for the year February 2012

Kancheepuram district is having administrative divisions of 8 taluks, 13 blocks, 648

panchayats and 1137 villages as detailed below:

67

Table 4.9.1 giving details of the villages and the Taluk and Block they belong to

S. No. Taluk No. of

Villages Block No. of Villages

1 Kancheepuram 207 1.Kancheepuram 2 Walajabad

91

2 Uthiramerur 124 Uthiramerur 124 3 Madurantakam 195 1.Madurantakam

2.Acharapakkam 101 94

4 Cheyyur 128 1.Chittamur 2.Lattur

65 63

5 Sriperumpudur 198 1.Sriperumpudur 2.Kundrathur

101 91

6 Tambaram 66 St.Thomas Mount 66 7 Chingleput 198 1.Kattankolathur

2.Tirupporur 101 97

8 Tirukkalukkundram 104 Tirukkalukkundram 104 Total 1214 1214

For the local administration, the district is divided into 10 municipalities, 24

town panchayats and 8 Census Towns. The name of the Municipalities, town

Panchayats and Census Towns are given in Table 4.9.1

68

Table 4.9.2 gives the allocation of municipalities , Town Panchayats

and Villages

Municipalities Town Panchayats No Of Census Villages

Alandur Acharapakkam Sriperumbudur

Anakaputhur Chitlapakkam Thambaram

Chengalpattu Edakalinadu Chengalpattu

Kanchipuram Karunguzhi Kancheepuram

Maduranthagam Kundrathur Uthiramerur

Maraimalainagar Madambakkam Tirukalukundram

Pallavapuram Mamallapuram Madhuranthangam

Pammal Mangadu Cheyyur

Puzhuthivakkam Meenambakkam

Tambaram Nandambakkam

Nandivaram - Guduvancheri

Pallikaranai

Peerkankaranai

Perungalathur

Perungudi

Sembakkam

Sevilimedu

Sholinganallur

Sriperumbudur

Thiruneermalai

Thiruporur

Tirukalukundram

Uthiramerur

Walajabad Source: District Statistical Handbook for the year 2012 -2013.

69

70

71

72

III Demographic details of the districts

4.10 Population

Table 4.10.1 gives the particulars of country, state and district urban and ruralwise population during the 2001 and 2011 census.

Census as on 2011

NAME TRU TOT_

Population

Total Males Total Females

INDIA Total 1,028,610,328 532,156,772 496,453,556

INDIA Rural 742,490,639 381,602,674 360,887,965

INDIA Urban 286,119,689 150,554,098 135,565,591

TAMIL NADU Total 62,405,679 31,400,909 31,004,770

TAMIL NADU Rural 34,921,681 17,531,494 17,390,187

TAMIL NADU Urban 27,483,998 13,869,415 13,614,583

KANCHEEPURAM Total 2877468 1457242 1420226

KANCHEEPURAM Rural 1342502 676095 666407

KANCHEEPURAM Urban 1534966 781147 753819

Census 2001

NAME TRU TOT_P TOT_M TOT_F

INDIA Total 1210854977 623270258 587584719

INDIA Rural 833748852 427781058 405967794

INDIA Urban 377106125 195489200 181616925

TAMIL NADU Total 72147030 36137975 36009055

TAMIL NADU Rural 37229590 18679065 18550525

TAMIL NADU Urban 34917440 17458910 17458530

KANCHEEPURAM Total 3998252 2012958 1985294

KANCHEEPURAM Rural 1459916 734979 724937

KANCHEEPURAM Urban 2538336 1277979 1260357

73

Source: Census. Gov.nic.in

According to 2011 census, the population of Kancheepuram District is

3,998,897 comprising of 2,012,958 males and 1,985,294. Females. Which is 50.37

percent and 49.63 percent respectively. Further rural population is 1,459,916 which

is 36.51 percent and urban 2,538,336 and is 63.49 percent approximately. The

density of population is 892 per Sq.km according to 2011 census of which people in

the rural region is 1,277,979. When compared to that of urban is 2,538,336.

According to 2011 census, the population of Tamil Nadu is 62,405,67914,

comprising of 31,400,909 males and31,004,770 Females. Which is 50.37 percent

and 49.63 percent respectively. Further rural population is 34,921,681which is 36.51

percent and urban 2,538,336and is 63.49 percent approximately. The density of

population is 555 per Sq.km according to 2011 census of which people in the rural

region is 1,277,979. When compared to that of urban is286,119,689.

According to 2011 census, the population of India is 1,028,610,328

comprising of 532,156,772 males and 496,453,556 Females. Which is 53.37

percent and 49.65 percent respectively. Further rural population is 1,459,916 which

is 36.51 percent and urban 2,538,336 and is 63.49 percent approximately. The

density of population is 324per Sq.km according to 2011 census of which people in

the rural region is 742,490,639When compared to that of urban is 2,538,336.

74

Source: Census Gov. India - 2011

75

76

77

4.2 BIRTH,DEATH AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES IN

TAMIL NADU ALL INDIA

78

79

Table 4.10.2 : Distribution of Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Sex-Ratio and Population Density

2001 2011

State/District Population 2011

Percentage Decadal Growth Rate of

Population

Sex- Ratio

(Number of Females per 1000 Males

Population Density per

sq. km.

Persons Males Females 1991-01

2001-11

1991-01

2001-11

1991-01

2001-11

India 1,21,01,93,422 62,37,24,248 58,64,69,174 21.15 17.64 933 940 325 382

Tamil Nadu 72138958 36158871 35980087 15.60 17.64 986 996 324 480

Kancheepuram 3990897 2010309 1980588 6.96 6.49 975 985 688 927

Source: Census of india,2011, Volume XII, Page 2

The total population of India in 2011 is 1,21,01,93,422 of which

62,37,24,248 and 58,64,69,174 are Females; whereas in Tamil Nadu, total

population 72138958 ; Males 36158871 and Females 35980087; in Kancheepuram,

total population is 3990897 ; Males 2010309 and Females 1980588 .

Percentage Decadal Growth Rate of Population in India is 21.15 in 1901

2001 and 17.64 in 2011.In Tamil nadu it is 15.6 in 1901-2001 and 17.64 in 2011. In

Kancheepuram, it was 6.96 in 1901-2001 and 6.49.

Sex- Ratio in India during 1901-2001 was 933 and it improved to 940 by the

next decade, 2011 ; in Tamil Nadu it was 986 in 1901- 2001 period and went up by

10 numbers as 996 in 2011. In Kancheepuram, during 1901 -2001 it was 985 and in

2011 it increased to 985.

Population Density per sq.km.in India during the period 1901-2001 was 325

and during 2011 it was 382; In Tamil Nadu during 1901-2001 it was 324 and during

2011 480. This shows a remarkable increase. In kancheepuram District, in 1901-

2001 it was 688 and in 2011 census there is a steep increase as 927 per sq.km.

1

85

In 2011, Kancheepuram had population of of which male and female were

2,537,825and 1,453,072respectively. In 2001 census, Kancheepuram had a

population of 2,877,468 of which males were 1,457,242 and remaining 1,420,226

were females. Kancheepuram District population constituted 5.54 percent of total

Maharashtra population. In 2001 census, this figure for Kancheepuram District was

at 4.61 percent of Maharashtra population. The initial provisional data released by

census India 2011, shows that density of Kancheepuram district for 2011 is 892

people per sq. km. In 2001, Kancheepuram district density was at 668 people per sq.

km. Kancheepuram district administers 4,483 square kilometers of areas. The rural

population of Kancheepuram is 36.51 percent and that of the urban 63.49 percent .

There was change of 38.95 percent in the population compared to population

as per 2001. In the previous census of India 2001, Kancheepuram District recorded

increase of 19.15 percent to its population compared to 1991.

The initial provisional data released by census India 2011, shows that density

of Kancheepuram district for 2011 is 892 people per sq. km. In 2001, Kancheepuram

36.51

63.49

Rural Urban Kancheepuram

Rural

Urban

86

district density was at 668 people per sq. km. Kancheepuram district administers

4,483 square kilometers of areas.

Table 4.11 shows the area , and population by block/ Municipalitieswise in

Kancheepuram District.

Table 4.11 Population by of the 5 villages in Kancheepuram District.

S.No. Name of

Blocks/Municiplaities

Population Population %

Persons Male Female Male Female

1 Edayarapakkam 1398 704 694 53.8 46.2

2 Mevalurkuppam 5798 3315 2483 67.6 33.4

3 Orathur 1549 763 786 49.6 51.4

4 Kunnappattu 892 456 436 50.6 49.4

5 Manamai 2328 1189 1139 57.3 42.7

From the above table it is found that in terms of percentage the male

population and female population are more or less equal in number with a minor

difference of 7.6percent in Edayarapakkam ; 1.2 percent in Kunnappattu ; 14.6

percent in Manamai ; in Orathur it is female with high percentage and the difference

is 1.8 percent and highest is in Mavalurkuppam with 34.2 percent . In the entire

case of male population in terms of percentage it ranges from 49.6 to 67.6. In the

case of female population in terms of percentage it ranges from 33.4 to 51.4. Thus

the range is less in the case of female population which implies that the female

population is uniformly distributed among the rural areas.

87

4.12 Literacy Rate

Literacy Rate 1961-2011 India, Tamil Nadu and Kancheepuram district.

Year

India Tamil Nadu Kancheepuram

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

1961 28.30 40.4 36.39 59.54 21.06 15.35 36.39 25.1 30.5

1971 34.45 45.96 45.50 68.05 30.92 21.97

1981 43.57 29.76 54.39 73.75 40.43 56.38

1991 52.21 64.13 62.66 82.33 51.33 39.29 62,66

2001 64.84 75.26 73.47 86.81 64.55 53.67 82.53 88.97 75.99

2011 74.04 82.14 80.33 86.81 73.86 65.46 80.02 77.07 55.22

In Kancheepuram district, among the total population, 80.09% are literates

and the remaining 20 percent are illiterates as per 2011 census. In respect to literacy

3,065,799 are literates comprising of 1,611,461 males and 1,401,921 females. This

amounts to 86.77 percent and 73.14 percent respectively. In the rural region

988,378 are literates among them male are 546,994 and Female are 441,384.

Similarly, in the the urban region of the district, number of literates are 2,025,004

and among them 1,064,467 are males and 960,537 are females.

88

The table 4.13 gives the details of Literacy rate of the males and females to the block and municipalities in Kancheepuram District.

Literacy rate by villages in Kancheepuram District.

Name of village Population Population %

Persons Male Female Male Female

Edayarapakkam 334 112 222 33.5 66.5

Mevalurkuppam 412 339 173 82.9 17.1

Orathur 125 62 63 49.6 50.4

Kunnappattu 130 37 93 28.4 71.6

Manamai 2044 1181 863 50.2 49.8

Sources:Census of India 2011

From the above Table it is found that the literacy rate among males is the

least 125 persons in Orathur. Similarly, the literacy rate among males is highest

in Mevalurkuppam with 82.9 percent . Thus the literacy rate among males in the 5

villages ranges from 28.4 percent to 82.9 percent. The literacy rate among the

females is highest Kunnappattu with 71.6 percent and lowest literacy rate is in

Mevalurkuppam with 17.1 percent. Thus the literacy rate is more among male with

82.9 percent and female with 71.6 percent.

According to the 2011 census of workers 633 in Edayarapakkam out of

which male are 432 and female 201. In Mevalurkuppam the total number of

workers are 174 out of which 64 are men and 110 are female. In Irapercent of the

populations are main workers. From 5.5 table it is observed that among the total

workers (Total Workers 1144929 605612 539317), 16295 are main workers and

28634 are marginal workers which amounts to31.84 percent and 7.95 percent. The

89

total main workers comprise of cultivators 113591, agricultural labourers 169970,

workers in household industry 53232, and other workers579502 , 31.84 percent

main workers, main Cultivators 12.4 percent, Agricultural Labourers 18.55 percent,

Household Industries Workers 5.81 percent and other workers 63.24 percent .

Further it is observed that at the state level 85% (i.e. 23757783) of workers come

under Main workers and the remaining 15% (i.e 4120499) workers come under

Marginal workers.

While comparing the percentage of main workers workers in Kancheepram

District with that of the Tamil Nadu , The Tamil Nadu as a whole the percentage of

main workers is 85.22, and the Kancheepuram District is 38.06 percent. On the other

hand the percentage of marginal workers is greater in kancheepuram district to that

of Tamil Nadu as a whole to the extent of 9.1percent.. In the case of agricultural

labourers the percentage is less in Kancheepuram district 28.28 percent while

compared to the whole of Tamil Nadu 30.98 percent. Hence it may be derived that

the Kancheepuram District comprises high percentage of marginal workers and less

percentage of cultivators while compared with that of Tamil Nadu as a whole. Such

characterstics are reasonable indicators of the poor economic condition of the rural

people in Kancheepuram district.

90

Table 4.14. gives the details regarding density of population, literacy

rates, work participation and other details in the rural and urban areas of

Kancheepuram District.

Table 4.14 Details regarding population

Indicators Rural Urban

Persons Male %

Female % Persons Male

% Female

% Population 1,459,916 46.93 63.49 2,538,336 87.45% 70.83% Density of Population (person per Km2)

882

Literates 988,578

546,994 441,384 2,025,004 1,064.467 960.537

Literacy rate and

85.29

76.60

65.52 2,064,374

91.82 82.67

Work Participation Rate

38.06 40.60 11.13%

2,73,518

62.23 27.45

cultivators 8,48,000 21.05 5.70 34,000 2.03 0.26 Agricultural labourers

5,86,533 28.28% 14.27% 3,52,371 2.88 15.07

Household industrial workers

39,571 3.09 0.81 61,000 1.85 8.05

Other workers 47.58 11.63 17,90,000 93.24 76.63 Source: Census of India 2001 demographic Atlas of Tamil Nadu

From the Table 4.11.4 it is found that in Kancheepuram District among the

rural population 46.93 percent are males and 63.49 are females. Further rural

population is 1,459,916 which is 36.51percent and urban 2,538,336 and is 63.49

percent approximately. The density of population is 882 per Sq.km according to

2011 census of which people in the rural region is 46.1 percent and 53.9 percent

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When compared to that of urban is 53.9 percent .In the rural region 988,378 are

literates among them male are and Female are 441,384. Similarly, in the the urban

region of the district, number of literates are 2,025,004 and among them 1,064,467

are males and 960,537 are females. In the case of males the work participation rate

is 40.60 percent and rural and 59.40 in urban and that in the case of female is -62.23

in rural and 27.45in urban. It must be noted that in the case of females the work

participation rate is 27.45 is high in rural as compared to to that11.13 in Urban. In

rural 21.5 percent male are culyivators and 2.03 percent are in Urban. Similarly, in

Rural 5.7 percent are female cultivators, and 0.26 percent are in Urban. On

comparison it is found that the percentage of cultivators in both case of males and

females is more in rural as compared to that in Urban both in the case of males and

Females. In respect to agriculture labourers 28.28 percent males are in Rural and

2.88 percent in Urban. Similarly, 14.27 percent females in rural and 15.27 percent

in Urban. Comparing the figures related to cultivators and agricultural labourers the

percentage is high in the case of females as compared to that of Urban.

Table 4.14 gives the details regarding the workers in Kancheepuram district

and Tamil Nadu.

From Table 4.14 it is observed that the total work force of 1144929, main

workers are 28634 and 28634 which amounts to 31.84 percent and 7.95 percent

marginal workers respectively. In the District, the The total main workers comprise

of cultivators 113591, agricultural labourers 169970, workers in household industry

53232, and other workers 579502 , 31.84 percent main workers, main Cultivators

12.4 percent, Agricultural Labourers 18.55 percent, Household Industries Workers

5.81 percent and other workers 63.24 percent . Further it is observed that at the state

level 85 percent (i.e. 23757783) of workers come under Main workers and the

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remaining 15 percent (i.e 4120499) workers come under Marginal workers. In the

case of marginal workers, there is not much difference district and the state.

Table 4.15 gives the details regarding density of population, literacy

rates, work participation and other details in the rural and urban areas of

Kancheepuram District.

Table 4.15 Details regarding population

Rural Urban

Population (%) 36.51 % 63.49 %

Total Population 1,459,916 2,538,336

Male Population 734,979 1,277,979

Female Population 724,937 1,260,357

Sex Ratio 986 986

Child Sex Ratio (0-6) 961 957

Child Population (0-6) 158,626 272,948

Male Child(0-6) 80,899 139,442

Female Child(0-6) 77,727 133,506

Child Percentage (0-6) 10.87 % 10.75 %

Male Child Percentage 11.01 % 10.91 %

Female Child Percentage 10.72 % 10.59 %

Literates 988,378 2,025,004

Male Literates 546,994 1,064,467

Female Literates 441,384 960,537

Average Literacy 75.95 % 89.39 %

Male Literacy 83.63 % 93.49 %

Female Literacy 68.20 % 85.24 %

Source: Census of India 2001 demographic Atlas of Tamil Nadu

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From the Table 4.6, it is found that in Kancheepuram District among the

rural population 46.93 percent are males and 63.49 are females. Further rural

population is 1,459,916 which is 36.51% and urban 2,538,336 and is 63.49%

approximately. The density of population is 882 per Sq.km according to 2011

census In the rural region 988,378 are literates among them male are and Female are

441,384. Similarly, in the the urban region of the district, number of literates are

2,025,004 and among them 1,064,467 are males and 960,537 are females.

4.16 Forest Region

The total forest area in the district is 23,586 hectares accounting for 16.2%

of the total geographical area of the state. The total forest area in the district is

23,586 hectares, it spread interior regions and around the district. In this forest area

there are 366.675 hectares for Reserved Land. 76.50 Metric Tonnes lands are

cultivated in Fuelwood and 8.039 Tonnes in Cashew.

Erode district with an extent of 228749 ha under forest is the highest among

districts in their contribution to the forest area of the state. This works out to 10.8%

of the state s total forest area. This is followed by Krishnagiri district with 202409

ha (9.6%) and Dharmapuri with 164177 ha (7.8%).

4.17 Agriculture

The major occupation of Kancheepuram District is agriculture and 47% of

the total main workers are engaged in agriculture. Out of the total geographical area

of the district

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AREA UNDER MAJOR FIELD CROPS & HORTICULTURE ETC.

Major Field

Crops cultivated

Kharif Rabi Summer Total

Irrigated Rainfed Irrigated Rainfed

Paddy 18.1 0.4 59.8 0.7 12.4 91.4

Ground Nut 4.6 1.3 15.3 0.7 21.9

Sugar cane 1.5 3.3 4.8

Black gram - 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.6

Green gram

Others

Horticulture

crops - Fruits

ha)

Mango 2.4

Banana 0.3

Watermelon 1.6

Guava 0.2

Citrus 0.2

4.18 Basin and sub-basin

Kancheepuram district is part of the composite east flowing river basin and

spread over a part of Palar and Cheyyar sub-basin.

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4.19 Drainage

Palar and Cheyyar are the important rivers. The drainage pattern in general is

sub-dendritic and radial. All the rivers are seasonal and carry substantial flows

during monsoon period. River Palar, a major river course, which drains this district

originates from Western Ghats in Karnataka state, and discharges in Bay of Bengal

near Pudupattinam. The Cheyyar, a tributary of Palar originates from the Jawadu

Hills of Tiruvannamalai district. It has a northeasterly flow in Kancheepuram district

and confluences with the Palar near Pazhaiyaseevaram. Other seasonal river like

Korattalaiar and Tandiardrain this district partly on the northern and southern part

respectively.

4.20 Irrigation Practices

Table 4.20 gives the extent of land in Kancheepuram district The nine-fold lands use classification for the district is given below.(2005-06)

S. No Classification Area (Ha)

1 Forests 23856

2 Barren & Uncultivable Lands 10948

3 Land put to non-agricultural uses 146085

4 Cultivable Waste 10430

5 Permanent Pastures & other grazing lands 18328

6 Groves not included in the area sown 16273

7 Current Fallows 8156

8 Other Fallow Lands 73136

9 Net Area sown 135998

Total 443210

Source: Department of Economics & Statistics, Govt. of Tamil Nadu

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The chief irrigation sources in the area are the tanks, wells, tube wells and

canal. Tank irrigation is highest in Madurantakam block followed by

Thirukalukkundram, Acharapakkam, Sriperumpudur, Tirupporur, Walajabad,

Chittamur, Lattur, Kattankolathur, Lathur, Kundrathur, Kancheepuram, St. Thomas

Mount blocks.

4.21 The block wise and source wise net area irrigated in Ha is given below (2005-06).

S. No Block

Net area irrigated by Total Net

area irrigated Canals Tanks Tube

wells ordinary

wells other

sources

1 Kancheepuram 24 2809 1878 3206 - 7917

2 Walajabad 30 4493 1831 2260 - 9214

3 Uttiramerur 0 3719 282 7162 - 11163

4 Sriperumpudur 0 6535 508 1692 - 8735

5 Kundrathur 0 2801 1464 2798 - 7063

6 Tiruporur 0 5925 405 1967 - 8297

7 Kattankolathur 0 3070 242 1878 - 5190

8 Thirukalukkundram 0 7205 840 2425 - 10648

9 Thamasmalai 0 1036 2 1518 - 2556

10 Madhurantagam 220 8345 439 4774 - 13778

11 Acharapakkam 220 7076 518 4874 - 12688

12 Chittamur 0 4020 2357 8301 - 14678

13 Lathur 56 3700 1400 3797 - 8953

Total 550 60732 12166 47252 120700

Source: Department of Economics & Statistics, Govt. of Tamil Nadu

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4.22 Soil Types

Geomorphology

The prominent geomorphic units identified in the district through

interpretation of satellite imagery are i) Chingleput-Tirukkalukkunram Surface

(Erosional) ii) Palar Surface (fluvial and iii) Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram)

surface (Marina) etc.

The elevation of the area ranges from 100 m amsl inthe west to a sea level in

the east. The major part of the area is characterised by an undulating topography

with innumerable depressions,which are used as irrigation tanks. Three beach

terraces ranging in elevation between 4mark the coastal tract and 12 m with broad

inter terrace depressions

The coastal plain displays a fairly low level or gently rolling surface and

only lightly elevated above the local water surfaces on rivers. The straight trend of

the coastline is a result of development of a vast alluvial plain. There are a number

of sand dunes in the coastal tract. The coastal landforms include estuarine tidal, mud

flats or lagoons and salt marsh etc.

Types of Soils

Soils have been classified into 1) clayey soil, 2) red sandy or red loamy soil

3) Red sandy brown clayey soil and 4) Alluvial soil. Of the above soils brown

clayey soil is the most predominant, covering more than 71 percent of the areal

extent of Kancheepuram district.

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Alluvial soils are found on the banks of Palar, Cheyyar and other rivers. The

river alluvium is transported and is seen in coastal area of this district. Sandy coastal

alluvial (arenacious soil) occurs along the seacoast as a narrow belt.

4.23 Human rights

Kanchipuram has a rate than the national average of child labour and bonded

labour. The local administration is accused of aiding child labour by opening night

schools in Kanchipuram from 1999. There is an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 child

workers in Kanchipuram compared to 85,000 in the same industry in Varanasi

Children are commonly traded for sums of between 10,000 and 15,000 (200

300$) and there are cases where whole families are held in bondage. Child labour is

prohibited in India by the Children (Pledging of Labour) Act and Child Labour

(Prohibition and Regulation) Act, but these laws are not strictly enforced.

4.24 Religion

Buddhism

Buddhism is believed to have flourished in Kanchipuram between the 1st

and 5th centuries.[98] Some notable Buddhists associated with Kanchipuram are

(2nd 3rd centuries) a successor of of Nalanda University,

Dignaga and the Pali commentators Buddhaghosa and Dhammapala.[9 Bodhidharma

is believed to have spread Zen school of Buddhism from India to China

Jainism

Jainism was introduced into Kanchipuram by Kunda Kundacharya (1st

century).[99] Jainism spread to the city by Akalanka (3rd century). Kalbhras, the

rulers of Kanchipuram before the Pallavas, followed Jainism which gained

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popularity from royal patronage.[99] The Pallava kings, Simhavishnu, Mahendra

Varman and Simhavarman (550 560) followed Jainism, until the advent of

Nayanmars and Azhwars during the 6th and 7th centuries.[

Hinduism

Hindus regard Kanchipuram to be one of the seven holiest cities in India.

According to Hinduism, a k etra is a sacred ground, a field of active power, and a

place where final attainment, or moksha, can be obtained. The Garuda Purana says

that seven cities, including Kanchipuram are providers of moksha.[66] The city is

considered a pilgrimage site for both Saivites and Vaishnavites.[6

4.25 Tourism

Kanchipuram district is a spectacular site of temples and the district

headquarters is also known as the temple city. The temples of Kanchipuram district

reflect the glorious traditions of South India. Mammalappuram was a flourishing

port-town during the time of Pallavas. This is one of the most famous tourist

attractions in the district of Kanchipuram. The monuments of Mamallapuram are

excellent specimen of Dravidian temple architecture and Pallava art. Sriperumpudur

is another place of tourist interest in the district. It is 29 kilometres from Chennai on

the way to Kanchipuram. It is the birth place of Saint Ramanuja, the father of

Visishtadvaida philosophy of Vaishnavism and hence, an important pilgrim centre

for the Vaishnavites. Kamakodi Peetham and Kammakshi Amman temple are

closely associated with the life of Shankaracharya.

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4.26 Education

Kanchipuram is traditionally a centre of religious education for the Hindu,

Jainism and Buddhism faiths. The Buddhist monasteries acted as nucleus of the

Buddhist educational system. With the gradual resurrection of Hinduism during the

reign of Mahendra Varman I, the Hindu educational system gained prominence with

Sanskrit emerging as the official language.[5]

As of 2011 Kanchipuram has 49 registered schools, 16 of which are run by

the city municipality. The district administration opened night schools for educating

children employed in the silk weaving industry as of December 2001, these

schools together were educating 127 people and 260 registered students from

September 1999.[ Larsen and Tubro inaugurated the first rail construction training

centre in India at Kanchipuram on May 24, 2012, that can train 300 technicians and

180 middle level managers and engineers each year Sri Chandrasekharendra

Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya and Chettinad Academy of Research and

Education (CARE) are the two Deemed universities present in Kanchipuram.

Kanchipuram is home to one of the four Indian Institute of Information of

Technology, a public private partnered institute, offering under graduate and post

graduate programs in information technologyThe city has two medical colleges

Arignar Anna Memorial Cancer Institute and Hospital, established in 1969 is

operated by the Department of Health, Government of Tamil Nadu and the privately

owned Meenakshi Medical College. The city has 6 engineering colleges, 3

polytechnic institutes and 6 arts and science colleges.

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4.27 Thinking on Population Issues

Family Planning Programme and Current Population Situation in India

India was the first country in the world to formulate a National Family

necessary to stabilize the population at a level consistent with requirement of

co

Five Year Plans have been providing the policy framework and funding for planned

development of nationwide health care infrastructure and manpower for provision of

health care services.

The technological advances and improved quality and converge of health

care resulted in a rapid fall in Crude Death Rate (CDR) from 25.1 in 1951 to 9.8 in

1991. In contrast, the reduction in Crude Birth Rate (CBR) has been less steep,

declining from 40.8 in 1951 to 29.5 in 1991. As a result, the annual exponential

population growth rate has been over 2% in the period between 1971-1991. India

while celebrating its golden Jubilee of Independence in 1997 made a commitment to

accelerate the process of population stabilization. India had already become, by then,

a signatory to the Programme of Action (PoA) of International Conference on

Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo in 1994, and committed to a new

holistic programme of Reproductive and Child Health (RCH), in October 1997. The

essential components undertaken for nationwide implementation include:-

Prevention and management of unwanted pregnancy

Services to promote safe motherhood

Services to promote child survival

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Prevention and treatment of RTI/STI

Efforts were made to provide adequate inputs to improve availability and

access RCH services and to improve performance especially in the states/districts

where access to RCH services is sub optimal. Attempts to reduce disparities between

states/districts and achieve tangible improvement in the indices by replication of

better performing districts were encouraged.

Current Population Situation :

As per Census of India 2001

was 1028 million. Viewed globally, India constitutes 16.87% of the

World Population. The current population (estimate) is about 1111

million

The current high population growth rate in some parts of the country

is due to:

The large size of the population in the reproductive age group

(estimated contribution 60%).

Higher fertility due to unmet need for contraception (estimated

contribution 20%)

High wanted fertility due to prevailing high Infant Mortality Rate

(IMR) (estimated contribution about 20%).

E

Programmes since independence are as follows:

103

1952The Fist Five Year Plan

rate to stabilize population at a level consistent with the needs of the economy.

1956 The Second Five Year Plan proposed expansion of family planning

clinics in both rural and urban areas and recommended a more or less autonomous

Central Family Planning Board, with similar state level boards.

1961 The Third Five Year Plan envisaged the provision of sterilization

facilities in district hospitals, sub-divisional hospitals and primary health centers as a

1963 The Director of Family Planning proposed a shift from the clinic

approach to a community extension approach to be implemented by auxiliary nurse

midwives (one per 10,000 population) located in PHCs. Other proposals include : (a)

a goal of lowering the birth rate from an estimated 40 to 25 by 1973; and (b) a

cafeteria approach to the provision of contraceptive methods, wit an emphasis on

free choice.

1965The Intra Uterine Device (IUD) was introduced in the Indian Family

Planning Programme.

1966 A full-fledged Department of Family Planning was set up in the

Ministry of Health. Condoms began to be distributed through the established

channels of leading distributors of consumer goods.

In1976, during emergency, the Congress Government under Smt. Indira

Gandhi formulated a Population Policy (in a form of Policy Statement) which

104

became counter-productive because of a clause, which permitted States to go for

Compulsory Sterilization.

In1977, A revised population policy statement was tabled in Parliament by

In 1983 National Health Policy was announced in which mention was made

in passing about Population and Family Welfare Programmes.

In1991, the Government under Shri Narasimha Rao appointed a

Committee headed by Shri K Karunakaran, which submitted a report to the National

Development Council in 1993 in which it pleaded for National Population Policy.

In1993, the Government appointed Dr. M S Swaminathan as Chairman of

an Expert Group to draft a Population Policy. The draft Population Policy was

submitted to the then P M in 1994, which was subsequently tabled in Parliament but

could not be passed.

Again in 1997, an Attempt was made by the Government under Shri I K

Gujaral to table and get the Population Policy passed. However, it could not be

done.

In1999 the Government, under Shri A B Vajpayee, asked a Group of

Ministers to examine the Policy draft prepared by the Department of Family

Welfare, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.

In February 2000, the Government of India announced the National

Population Policy (NPP), 2000

105

Family Planning Performance

The year 2010-11 ended with 34.9 million family planning acceptors at

national level comprising of 5.0 million Sterilizations, 5.6 million IUD insertions,

16.0 million condom users and 8.3 million O.P. users as against 35.6 million family

planning acceptors in 2009-10.

106

The age and parity of the acceptors of contraception, and the continuation rates of temporary methods of contraception are some of the important factors that determine birth rates. The trends in CPR and CBR over the last 25 years suggest that over the years there has been an improvement in the acceptance of appropriate contraception at appropriate time. Currently the FW Programme is focusing its attention on need assessment, balanced presentation of advantages and disadvantages about all the available methods of contraception counseling, provision of appropriate contraceptive at the right time and good follow up services. Effective implementation of the FW programme and ensuring that all the unmet needs for contraception are met will result in substantial improvement in CPR and enable rapid reduction in CBR

ACCEPTORS OF VASECTOMY & TUBECTOMY ( Figure : 4.9)

Over the last two decades there has been a steep fall in number of vasectomies (Figure-4.9). At the moment, over 97% of all sterilizations are tubectomies. If, over the next decade, attempts are made to repopularise vasectomy so that this safe, simple procedure forms at least 50% of all sterilizations, there will be a further improvement in access to sterilization in the primary health care settings, substantial reduction both in the morbidity/mortality associated with terminal methods of contraception and reduction in the cost of permanent

107